Introduction
Islamic Economics is still in its early phases of development, yet the progress made in refining the discipline over the last decade can justifiably be described as a breakthrough. It was in response to the challenge of contemporary economic thought and of the socio-economic movements of our time that the Muslim thinkers began to examine their own position, from the ideological benchmark of Islam, and to articulate the Islamic approach to major economic problems and challenges. Independence of the Muslim countries from the colonial yoke and the Muslim people’s urge to rebuild their societies in the image of Islam accelerated this process.
Initially the emphasis was on explaining the economic teachings of Islam and offering Islamic critique of the Western contemporary theory and policy. During this phase most of the work was done by the ‘Ulama’, the legists and Muslim social thinkers and reformers. Gradually the Muslim econ- omists and other professionals became involved in this challenging intellectual enterprise. Perhaps the First Inter- national Conference on Islamic Economics, held in Makka in February, 1976 under the inspiring chairmanship of Dr. Muhammad Omar Zubeir, the then President, of the King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, represents a watershed in the history of the evolution of contemporary Muslim thinking on Economics, representing the transition from ‘economic teachings of Islam’ to the emergence of ‘Islamic Economics’.
Ever since this conference a number of international conferences and seminars have been held, each making a significant contribution towards promoting the discipline and bringing in greater rigour and sophistication to analysis. Four international institutes have emerged to organise teaching and research in Islamic Economics, namely, International Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, Jeddah; the Inter-
7
national Institute of Islamic Banking and Economics, Lefkosa, Kibris; the Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah; and the School of Economics, Islamic University, Islamabad. Around two dozen universities of the Muslim world are now engaged in teaching specialised courses in Islamic Economics, two of which (Islamic University, Islamabad and the University of Umm-ul-Qura, Makka) are developing fully-fledged Faculties of Economics, to undertake teaching of economics in all major branches from an Islamic perspective. These and many more devel- opments during the last eight to ten years represent significant milestones on the road to Islamic Economics.
Greater interest in Islamic Economics is also reflected in the increasing outflow of literature in the field. It is becoming very difficult for ordinary readers and researchers to keep pace with the new literature, as it is appearing in almost all major languages used by the Muslims as well as in international languages like English, French and German. In a situation like this, the need for well-researched bibliographies has in- creased manifold. At least three useful bibliographies have appeared during the last few years. M. Akram Khan produced a bibliography in the early seventies which was published in a quarterly journal Islamic Education, Lahore, Pakistan. Pro- fessor Dr. Nejatullah Siddiqi’s bibliography was to be the most outstanding work so far.* A recent bibliography of Dr. Volker Nienhaus† is a useful addition, as it includes some of the material published in the German language on this subject, something with which the non-German academic community was not very familiar. Now the Islamic Foundation, in co-operation with the Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad, is presenting the first annotated bibli- ography of the literature on Islamic Economics available in English and Urdu. This bibliography has been painstakingly prepared by Mr. M. Akram Khan, an honorary research fellow of the IPS. This bibliography is unique in a number of
*
Contemporary Literature on Islamic Economics, 1978, International Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, Jeddah. The Islamic Foundation also included this in Studies in Islamic Economics (ed. K. Ahmad), 1980.
+ Literature on Islamic Economics in English and German, Cologne, 1982.
8
ways and is destined to be of immense help to all students and researchers in Islamic Economics.
First, this bibliography is properly annotated and as such should be a better guide to readers in finding out what they need. Although it is virtually impossible to be totally objective in writing annotations, as personal opinions are bound to creep in; yet every effort has been made to provide some standardised information about every entry. Even if some personal bias is conceded, it would be difficult to deny that this bibliography provides for the reader at least a useful ‘conducted tour’ of the literature on Islamic Economics.
Secondly, the compiler has rendered a pioneering service by developing a classification for Islamic Economics. As this classification is based on, but not confined to, the classification used in the bibliographies produced by the American Eco- nomics Association, the professional economist will be more familiar with the arrangement.
Even a cursory look at the bibliography will show that Islamic Economics is very much like a multi-coloured spec- trum, and not a monolithic straight-jacket. What makes it Islamic Economics is the writer’s commitment to Islam, its original sources of the Qur’an and Sunnah as the real guide and point of reference. But once this perspective is set, there are many approaches and many shades of thought and analysis. There are wide areas for discussion and dissent. And this makes the entries rich in thought and variety.
Anyone who is trying to keep pace with new writings in the field would realise the economic content of Islamic Economics is increasing and becoming more refined and articulate. This is a very significant development and the present bibliography also bears it out.
As a bibliography is an indispensible aid to research it is extremely necessary that the process of up-dating biblio- graphies should continue. The present bibliography brings the story to early 1982. It is proposed that after every three to five years either a new edition of this bibliography will be produced, or its supplements will appear. We hope other scholars will help us by sending their comments and also by identifying material not covered in this bibliography.
Before I conclude I would like to congratulate my brother
9
and colleague, Muhammad Akram Khan, for the valuable job he has done and would like to thank all colleagues in the Islamic Foundation who have seen the book through the press.
Leicester
20 February, 1983
Khurshid Ahmad
10
Foreword
It was early in 1971 that the idea of compiling an annotated bibliography of contemporary writings on Islamic economics occurred to me. At that time I was working on a survey of the literature on Islamic economics. The survey was completed by mid-1972, although it could not be published due to certain unavoidable reasons. This left me with a strong motivation to compile the present volume, which contains selections from literature published up to early 1982, with additional material in the form of a Supplement.
As the contents of this bibliography will testify, most of the literature on Islamic economics is scattered in journals and periodicals of a diverse nature. It may be found in religious magazines, periodicals of general interest and purely academic journals. Similarly, in libraries books on Islamic economics are not classified under any single specified heading. Conse- quently the search for relevant material led me to dark and undusted periodical sections of various libraries, book galleries and the desks of editors, publishers’ catalogues and personal collections. In fact, I have been ceaselessly chasing after scat- tered bits of literature on Islamic economics. Whenever I heard of an article, a pamphlet, a book or a note (published or unpublished) relating to Islamic economics I made every effort to obtain a copy. During the last ten years I have written hundreds of letters to fellow Muslim economists, publishers of magazines and booksellers both in Pakistan and abroad to collect material for this book. I have undertaken numerous journeys to distant places to obtain certain pieces of literature. I have had to bear the frowns of weary library assistants and cold and impolite responses from some publishers. But this did not discourage me from the spirited pursuit of information on Islamic economics. There were no specified sources which I could tap. I had to feel my way through a jungle of literature
11
and select those pieces which seemed relevant and helpful to future Muslim economists. In this process I may have missed some pieces of literature which should have a place in this bibliography. During these arduous days a number of col- leagues, librarians and publishers extended cordial help. I also benefitted considerably from participation in international conferences and seminars on Islam and Islamic economics.
The task of scanning the whole of this literature for the purpose of writing annotations was no less demanding. The vast plethora of literature on Islamic economics contains almost everything from incisive analysis and rigorously re- searched presentations to academic trash and religious rhet- oric. One comes across new insights as well as repetitions and eulogies in praise of certain ‘virtues’ of Islam. There are pieces which contain sound analysis and well-thought out arguments and write-ups which abound in value judgements, pious hopes, slogans and persuasive discussions. In view of this variety and the vast range of differences in style and standard, it is all the more necessary that an effort is made to undertake the arduous task of sifting the valuable and the lasting from the rest. Besides being a painstaking assignment it could never be free from the subjective judgements of the person undertaking this sensitive task. As a first step I collected everything which I came across on Islamic economics. In all I collected about 1300 entries. The present volume contains about half this number. Opinions may differ about my selection, but then, there can hardly be any objective criterion for undertaking such an exercise.
A still more delicate and controversial area is the writing of annotations. My main aim has been to standardise the format of each annotation, avoiding as far as possible my personal judgements. But an absolutely objective annotation is, per- haps, not possible. I chose to give at least the following information about each entry:
(i) Main thesis of the author;
(ii) Subjects discussed;
(iii) Audience, i.e. laymen, economists, etc.;
(iv) Level of sources, i.e. primary, secondary or both; (v) Style of documentation, i.e. partly, fully or undocu- mented.
12
There may be room for disagreement on these annotations. But if this information is helpful to researchers in arriving at the literature they require, whatever subjectivity has crept in these write-ups may be condoned. Most of the writers whose contributions are listed are more qualified and have a higher training and expertise than myself. I have no loco standi to sit as judge on their contributions. My only interest has been to make a start on cataloguing the literature on Islamic economics in a way which could help my colleagues in general, and new researchers in particular. In no way has it been my intention to belittle or magnify anybody’s contribution. Therefore, if any of my colleagues discern a streak of subjectivity in my anno- tations, I seek their indulgence.
In the absence of any clear system of classification of Islamic economics, I have attempted to classify the material in a form nearest to the currently accepted classification of economics. A system which, if acceptable to the Muslim economists, could be adopted for future referencing.
Classification of a particular entry under a specific heading, again, involved a subjective judgement. A large number of writings deal with more than one subject and it was often difficult to decide their precise classification. To facilitate cross referencing an author’s index and a subject index have been added. I have also tried to indicate cross references at the end of each classification.
A cursory look at entries under various classifications will enable the reader to discover the major areas of interest of the Muslim scholars and economists. There are areas which have been discussed and thrashed out quite exhaustively while in some other areas literature is scanty or even non-existent. This brings into focus some areas for further research.
Over the last ten years, the persons who have helped me are too numerous to mention. I am grateful to all those anony- mous persons who helped me in the collection of material in one way or another. I am thankful to Brother Khurshid Ahmad, Chairman, Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad, who helped me in a number of ways. He checked my system of classification and proposed modifications, which I adopted. As general editor of the Islamic Economics series, he has read the present work and contributed an Introduction to it. Of the
13
librarians, I express my special thanks to Mr. Miṣbāḥul Haq Şiddiqi of Dyal Singh Trust Library, who provided generous assistance on many occasions. My thanks are also due to my friend Mr. M. T. Zaigham, who read the typescript for accur- acy. My thanks also to Syed Mubarak Ali, my private assist ant, who took great pains to type out with pointed vowels my illegibly written manuscript and also offered many useful suggestions.
I would be unkind to my wife and children if I failed to mention their contribution. They provided me with the neces- sary solitude and freedom during these ten years and bore with patience and a smile the inattention and indifference which they experienced from me.
Lahore
28 February, 1982
Muhammad Akram Khan
14
Classification System
000 GENERAL ECONOMICS; THEORY; HISTORY;
SYSTEMS
010 GENERAL ECONOMICS
011
Need for Islamic economics
012
Nature of Islamic economics
0121 Role of values in social sciences
0122 Assumptions of Islamic economics
013 Subject matter and scope of Islamic economics
0131 Various aspects of Islamic economics: normative, positive and applied
014 Basic research in Islamic economics 0141 Bibliographies
0142
Glossaries and dictionaries
0143 Further research plans
020 GENERAL ECONOMIC THEORY
021 General equilibrium theory
022
023
Microeconomic theory
Macroeconomic theory
0231 Saving and investment in interest- free framework
024 Theory of falāḥ
0241 Inter-relationship of life in this world and the Hereafter
030 HISTORY OF THOUGHT
031 History of economic thought
0311
Qur’ān
0312 Hadith
0313 Figh
17
0314 Survey of contemporary trends 0315 Individual thinkers
032 Methodology of Islamic economics 0321 Principles to derive economic princi- ples of Islam from the sources
0322 Application of inductive and deduc- tive techniques
0323 Role of static and dynamic analysis
040 ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE MUSLIM PEOPLE
041 Pre-Islam and early Islam
042 Umayyads, ‘Abbāsids, Fatimids, Mamlūks 043 Medieval Islam
044 Muslim dynasties in Spain
045 Sultanate and Mughals in India
047 Seljuks and Turks
048 Muslim economies under colonial rule
049 Contemporary situation
050 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
051 Critique of the capitalist system
0511 Criticism of assumptions and basic
concepts
0512 Criticism of specific formulations of capitalist economics
05121 Examination of theories of
interest
05122 Theory of wages
05123 Theory of growth
05124 Theory of value
05125 Theory of population
05126 Theory of profit
05127 Theory of firm
052 Critique of the socialist and communist sys-
tem
0520 Criticism of its assumptions and basic
concepts
0521 Examination of its theory of value and surplus value
18
0522 Property relations 0523 Theory of state
0524 Socialist and communist economies in practice
053 Islamic socialism
054 Islamic economic system
0541 Its philosophy: Implications of Tawhid
0542 Concept of man
0543 Concept of wealth
0544 Concept of rizq
0545 Integration of ethics into economic
theory
0546 Acquisition
of wealth (Kasb,
Wirathah, Hibah, Luqtah, ‘Umrā, Ruqba etc.)
0547 Distribution of wealth (including law of inheritance)
0548 Social and economic justice
055 Goals of economic system of Islam 056 Islamic theory of ownership
0561 Right of private property
0562 Limits on Private Property 0563 State ownership
057 Basic principles of Islamic economic system (including economic values)
058 Comparative study of Islamic economic system and other systems
100 ECONOMIC GROWTH; DEVELOPMENT; PLAN- NING; FLUCTUATIONS
110 ECONOMIC GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, PLANNING THEORY AND POLICY IN ISLAM
111 Concept, objectives and motivation of econ- omic growth in Islam
112 Critique of the Western growth theory and specific models
113 Planning in Islamic framework
19
114 Capital accumulation
115 Institutional factors of development
120 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
STUDIES
121 Economic development studies of Muslim countries
122 Evaluation of development experience from Islamic perspective
130 STRATEGY AND MECHANISM OF DE- VELOPMENT FOR MUSLIM ECONOMIES
(ESTABLISHMENT
SYSTEM OF ISLAM)
OF
ECONOMIC
131 Economics of transition
132 Allocation of resources in Islamic framework
140 ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
141 Trade cycles, stagnation, stagflation
142 Inflation, including international inflation 143 Indexation
150 ROLE OF THE STATE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
200 ECONOMIC STATISTICS
210 Econometrics, statistical methods and models 211 Application of econometric and mathemat- ical models in Islamic economics
220 Economic and social statistics
221 Examination of methods of measuring GNP/NNP etc.
300 DOMESTIC MONETARY AND FISCAL THEORY AND INSTITUTIONS
310 DOMESTIC MONETARY AND FINANCIAL THEORY AND INSTITUTIONS
311 Ribā and its prohibition (including ribā al-
faḍl)
20
312 Riba-free
313
commercial
banking:
Theory and practice
Riba-free financial markets
314 Riba-free stock exchange
315 Riba-free financial intermediaries
316
Riba-free credit to business and consumer,
etc. (including mortgages)
317 Riba-free central banking and monetary
policy
320 DOMESTIC FISCAL POLICY AND PUBLIC
FINANCE
321
322
The zakāt law
Economic role of zakāt
323 Zakāt as a fiscal tool
324 Other sources of revenue including ‘ushr, fai’, ghanimah, jizyah, khums, kharāj
325 State and local government finance including baitul-māl
326 Zakat administration
327 Waqf
330 INSURANCE IN ISLAMIC FRAMEWORK 331 Critique of modern insurance theory and practice
400 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
410 INTERNATIONAL TRADE THEORY OF
ISLAM
420 TRADE
RELATIONS,
COMMERCIAL
POLICY AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
421 Trade relations among Muslim countries 422 Tariffs among Muslim countries
423 Commercial policy of Islamic state
424 Economic integration among Muslim countries
430 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS OF AN ISLAMIC
STATE
21
440 INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENTS AND FOREIGN AID
450 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY ARRANGE- MENTS IN THE ISLAMIC FRAMEWORK
460 INTERNATIONAL
AND ISLAM
ECONOMIC ORDER
500 ADMINISTRATION;
BUSINESS
FINANCE;
MARKETING; ACCOUNTING
510 ADMINISTRATION
511 Objectives of a firm
512 Types of business organisations in Islamic economics (Shirkah, Muḍārabah etc.)
513 Cooperation and price theory
520 BUSINESS FINANCE AND INVESTMENT 521 Economics of Profit-Sharing
530 MARKETING
531 Business law and ethics and their economic implications
532 Market imperfections
533 Ḥisbah and its role
534 Advertising in the Islamic framework
540 ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING
541 Accounting in the Islamic framework 542 Auditing in the Islamic framework
600 INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATION; ECONOMICS OF CHANGE
610 INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATION
611 Industrial organisation and market structure 612 Monopoly and monopsony in Islamic framework
613 Public utilities and government regulation of private sector
614 Public enterprises
22
620 ECONOMICS OF CHANGE
621 Technology change in the Islamic framework
700 LAND MANAGEMENT
710 LAND UTILISATION
720 LAND TENANCY SYSTEMS IN ISLAM
730 THEORY OF RENT
800 MANPOWER; LABOUR; POPULATION
810 MANPOWER SUPPLY 811 Manpower demand
812 Manpower planning
813 Manpower training in Islamic norms
820 LABOUR
821 Rights and duties of labour
822 Determination of wages
823 Labour management relations
830 TRADE UNIONS
840 DEMOGRAPHIC ECONOMICS 841 Family planning in Islam
850 HUMAN CAPITAL
900 WELFARE
PROGRAMMES;
CONSUMER
ECONOMICS
910 WELFARE PROGRAMMES
911
General welfare programmes
912 Social security schemes
920 CONSUMER ECONOMICS
921 Consumer behaviour in the Islamic frame-
work
23
Chapter 1
000-General Economics; Theory; History; Systems
011 – Need for Islamic Economics
011:1 AHMAD, K., ‘A Muslim Response’ in Gremillion, J. and William Ryan, World Faiths and the New World Order. Washington: Inter-religious Peace Colloquium, 1978, pp. 171-93.
Stresses an integrated approach to economic matters. Economic aspect is a part of human totality. Western eco- nomics needs to be re-conceived on different assumptions. The cry for new economic order is misplaced. It is to be replaced by a new world order which would change human society from all angles. The Islamic world-view provides necessary guidelines for such a change.
Addressed to the scholars of four religions and leading economists at a symposium held at Lisbon, 7-11 November, 1977. Fully documented.
011:2
‘Islam and the New World Order’ in The Muslim World and the Future Economic Order. London: Islamic Council of Europe, 1979, pp. 138-54.
Stresses need for a response to the human crisis of our times and not merely to narrow economic problems only. Points out the role that Islam can play in reshaping the new world order. Indicates the implications of Tawḥīd, man’s role as Khalifah, ‘Adl, and Risalah.
Presented at the International Economic Conference, London, 1977.
25
A well documented and thought-provoking paper for Muslim economists.
011:3 ĀLAM, Shamsul, ‘Modern Economics and Ethics’, Muslim News. Karachi (3:10) April 1965, pp. 27-30.
By pointing towards the inadequacies of the received doctrine in economics, suggests the need for developing Islamic economics.
A useful essay on the nature and methodology of Islamic economics.
011:4 KAHF, Monzer, ‘Contemporary Challenges to Islamic Economists’ Al-Ittiḥād. Gary (Indiana), April 1978, pp. 25-30.
Discusses the crisis of modern economic theory and spells out the need for Islamic economics. Explains the potential of Islamic economics and outlines areas which need further research.
A scholarly paper which addresses professional econo- mists. Fully documented.
011:5 KHAN, M. Akram, ‘Islamic Economics: Its need and nature’. Typescript: 1980, 29 pp.
Examines the need for a separate discipline under the title of Islamic economics. Points out inadequacies of Western economics with reference to the ethos of the Muslim Ummah. Defines Islamic economics; describes its scope and nature of analysis.
011:6
Meant for Muslim economists. Fully documented.
,
— Foundations of Islamic Economics. Unpub- lished. Mimeo, 1980, 100 pp.
Critically examines the basis of received doctrine in Western economics and argues for the evolution of Islamic economics as a separate discipline. Describes the nature of Islamic economics as understood from the contemporary literature. Second chapter explains economic philosophy of Islam. In the third chapter the legal foundation of Islamic economics, al’-adl, is discussed. In the last chapter, economic values of Islam are discussed as ethical foundations of Islamic economics.
26
Theoretical. For Muslim economists. Fully documented.
ALSO SEE 311:4, 921:3
012- Nature of Islamic Economics
012:1 CHOWDHURY, M. ‘Ālam, ‘Foundations of Islamic Economics’, Criterion, Karachi, (9:1) January 1974, pp. 17-
25.
First instalment of the thesis for Masters degree at the University of Toronto. As the article has not been completed in the later issues, it is difficult to form a true view of the thesis. In the first instalment the author describes the general methodology of Islamic economics which devolves on the Qur’an, the Sunnah, Ijtihād, Ijmā’ and Qiyās.
ALSO SEE 011:2, 011:5, 011:6, 311:4, 921:3
0121 – Role of Values in Social Sciences
0121:1 ABŪ SULAIMĀN, A. H., ‘The Theory of the Economics of Islam: The Economics of Tawhid and Brother- hood, Philosophy, Concept and Suggestions for Policies in a Modern Context.’ Proceedings of the Third East Coast Regional Conference, M.S.A. (USA), 1970 (1973), pp. 26-78.
Discusses methodology, philosophy and policies of Islamic economics. Suggests measures to apply Islamic teachings to a contemporary society. Cites Prophet Muḥammad’s policies on land and capital as illustration of his thesis.
Based on primary sources with Arabic text in the ap- pendix. Fully documented.
ALSO SEE 057:1
013 – Subject Matter and Scope of Islamic Economics 013:1 ṢIDDİQİ, M.N., ‘Teaching of Economics at the University Level in Muslim Countries’, Islam and the Modern Age, New Delhi, 1978, pp. 16-34.
In the first part the author outlines the need for the development of Islamic economics and identifies the manner in which Western economics does not suit Muslims. The
27
second part elaborates various courses on economics when suitably modified for Muslims, to be taught at undergraduate and graduate levels.
For Muslim economists and educationists. Fully docu- mented.
014 – Basic Research in Islamic Economics
014:1 HASSANEIN, Medhat, ‘Towards a Model of the Economics of Islam’. Proceedings of the Third East Coast Regional Conference, M.S.A. 1970 (1973), pp. 17-25.
Emphasises the need for basic research in Islamic economics and pleads for an active coordination with basic research in other disciplines of Islamic knowledge. Meant for Muslim economists.
0141 – Bibliography
0141:1 KHAN, M. Akram, Annotated Bibliography of Contemporary Economic Thought in Islam and a Glossary of Economic Terms in Islam. Lahore: All Pakistan Education Congress, (1973), 34 pp.
Lists 153 publications in Urdu and English published upto December, 1971. Contains a short glossary of terms consisting of 66 words. It is the first-ever annotated biblio- graphy and glossary on the subject.. The annotations lack a standard format and the glossary lexicographical precision. Meant for Muslim economists.
0141:2 ŞIDDİQİ, M.N., Contemporary Literature on Islamic Economics. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1978, 68 pp. A select classified bibliography of 700 works in English (260), Urdu (155) and Arabic (285) up to 1975. A compre- hensive listing with complete bibliographical details.
Presented at the First International Conference on Islamic Economics, Makka, 1976 as an appendix to his paper.
0142 – Glossaries and Dictionaries
0142:1 HASANUZZAMĀN, S. M., ‘A Glossary of Classical Islamic Terms’. Islamic Order, Karachi (1:1) January 1979, pp. 61-8.
28
Meanings of 61 terms relating to Islamic economics are given. Lacks lexicographical precision.
0142:2 TORREY, Charles C., The Commercial-Theological Terms in The Koran, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1892, 51 pp.
A Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the University of Strasburg, (1892). Argues that many theological terms have commercial usage in the life of Arabs. The Prophet ‘bor- rowed’ these commercial expressions to explain theological concepts. By way of illustration twenty-two terms with refer- ence to ancient Arabic literature and the Qur’ānic usage are explained. The terms explained are: Ḥisab, Haṣā, Wazn, Thiql, Jaza’, Thawab, Waffā, Ajr, Kasb, Khusr, Bakhs, Naqs, Zulm, Shirā, Bai’, Tijāra, Thaman, Ribḥ, Qard, Salaf, Rahn.
A well-researched thesis, based on primary sources. Meant for orientalists, theologians and students of Arabic literature. Economists can also benefit from in-depth study of these terms.
0143 – Further Research Plans
0143:1 KHAN, M. Akram, ‘Islamic Economics: An Outline Plan for Research’, Criterion, Karachi (10:4) April 1979, pp. 27-35.
A plea for systematic research directed towards the development of Islamic economics in the following areas: (i) Theory of functioning of economy, (ii) Theory of growth, (iii) Theory of development of socio-economic institutions. There should be a research academy, a council of social scientists and arrangements for procuring funds to promote research in this field.
For Muslim economists.
0143:2 ŞIDDİQİ, M. N., ‘Problems of Islamic Research in Economics’, Islamic Thought, Aligarh, (4:4-5) October/ December 1957, pp. 1-8.
Part one discusses inadequacies of the received economic doctrine in an Islamic framework. Rest of the paper refers to wide areas of research in Islamic economics, which need attention.
A valuable paper on the subject.
29
021- General Equilibrium Theory
021:1 KAHF, Monzer, The Islamic Economy. Gary, Indiana: M.S.A., 1979, 110 pp.
Develops a general theory of the functioning of the Islamic economy. Takes an integrated view of the economy and discusses various relationships surrounding consumption, production, market structure, and monetary variables. Hypo- thesises a macro-economic theory of equilibrium in the Islamic economy. Closes with a set of policy measures. A valuable and scholarly work but most of the references to ḥadīth works pertain to secondary sources. Contains a select bibliography on Arabic and English sources on Islamic eco- nomics. Supplements discussion with diagrams and mathe- matical formulations.
For Muslim economists. Documented.
022- Microeconomic Theory
022:1 SHEIKH, N. A., ‘Islāmī uṣūl-e-Rasad-o-Talab aur ‘ahd-e-Jadid Kē Iqtīṣādī nizām men us Kā iṭlāq’ (Islamic Law of supply and demand and its application on the modern-day economic system) in his Islāmī Dastūr aur Islāmī Iqtiṣādiyāt kē Chand Pahlu (Some Aspects of the Constitution and Economics of Islam). (U) Karachi*, 1959, pp. 159-200.
An argument for state control of basic goods industries and a carefully regulated competitive market in other goods. The argument is based on certain assumptions; cites details of anti-trust laws of Western countries in support of his point of view.
Modernist. For Muslim economists.
022:2 ŞIDDİQİ, M. N., The Economic Enterprise in Islam. Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1972, 180 pp.
Studies behaviour of an entrepreneur in an Islamic economy. Detailed discussion on the socio-economic forces which influence the entrepreneur in an Islamic setting.
Well documented and rigorously argued. For Muslim economists. Analytical.
* Published by the author.
30
023-Macroeconomic Theory
023:1 KHAN, M. Akram, ‘The Theory of Employment in Islam’, Islamic Literature, Lahore (14:4) April 1968, pp. 5-16.
Summary of his M. Com. thesis, University of the Punjab, Lahore (1967). Applying Keynsian analysis to the Islamic society, concludes that there would be a higher level of employment in Islamic economy than can be achieved in a capitalist economy where Keynes’ solution is resisted by a positive rate of interest, concentration of wealth and soulless social set up.
For Muslim economists. Analytical.
023:2 SHEIKH, N. A., ‘Islām men manfi sharḥ sūd aur ‘ahd-e-jadīd kā nazariyya-e-rozgār-e kāmil’ (Islamic theory of negative rate of interest and the modern-day theory of full employment) in Islamī dastur aur Islāmī Iqtiṣādiyāt kē chand Pahlu (Some Aspects of the Constitution and Economics of Islam). (U) Karachi: 1959, pp. 96-149.
In an interest-free economy, full employment can be achieved with the help of zakat and peasant proprietorship of land. The argument follows Keynsian analysis. Also suggests alternative fiscal tools (in the absence of interest) for the management of money supply: e.g. changes in the income-tax rates, excise duties, import-export duties etc.
Well documented. For Muslim economists.
0231 – Saving and Investment in an Interest-Free Framework 0231:1 al-‘ARABĪ, M. A., ‘Investment of Capital in Islam’. Second Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, Al- Azhar, 1965, pp. 103-121.
Makes a plea that Islam prescribes continuity of capital investment, investment in most remunerative channels and investment in public interest. Meant for Muslim economists. 0231:2 CHOWDHURY, M. ‘Alam, ‘The Rate of Capitali- sation in Valuation Models in an Islamic Economy’. Unpub- lished: Proceedings of International Seminar on Monetary and Fiscal Economics of Islam, Islamabad*, January 1981, 30 pp.
Sponsored jointly by: Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad and International Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
31
A mathematical formulation to analyse one possible structure of the rate of capitalisation in valuation models in an Islamic economy; tries to establish a methodology for its quantitative estimation. The empirical version of this rate has been construed to be sum of marginal efficiency of investment on inter-temporal allocation of income among investments in capital goods and the price for risk-bearing, shown as the price that the Central Treasury assumes in a joint investment venture with a firm.
For Muslim economists.
0231:3, ‘Islamic Political Economy and the Human Investment Revolution’, al-Ittiḥād, Indiana, (15:2) April 1978, pp. 31-5.
A short note on the form that concepts such as consump- tion-investment mix of educational good, the rate-of-return- analysis and earnings-capitalisation-theory, would take in the Islamic economy. Points at potential areas of research.
Theoretical. Bare outlines. For Muslim economists.
0231:4 KAHF, Monzer, ‘Saving and Investment Functions in a Two Sector Model of Islamic Society. Unpublished: Presented at International Seminar on Monetary and Fiscal Economics of Islam,* Makka, 1978, 23 pp.
Part I summarises savings and investment in capitalist and centrally-planned economies. Part II develops a model in the Islamic framework. Saving and investment functions are formulated in mathematical terms. The two sectors are: con- sumers and business units. The paper closes with policy sug- gestions for the state.
0231:5
‘A Model of the Household Decisions in an Islamic Economy’. Proceedings of the Third National Semi- nar, A.M.S.S., Gary (Indiana), 1974, pp. 19-28.
Discusses consumption and investment decisions of a household in the presence of zakāt and prohibition of ribā. These two institutions reinforce the saving base and make investment considerations basic to the decision of income
Sponsored by: International Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
32
allocation. Uses simple algebra and graphs to illustrate his point.
Meant for Muslim economists.
024 – Theory of ‘Falah’
024:1 KHAN, M. Akram, ‘The Economics of Falāḥ’, Cri- terion, Karachi (11:3), March 1976, pp. 13-20.
Defines the scope and subject-matter of Islamic econom- ics. Treats Islamic economics as a study of the relationship of scarce, but lawful means, with the end of achieving Falāḥ, for an aggregate of people in an Islamic society.
Meant for Muslim economists.
031- History of Economic Thought
031:1 AḤMAD, Rafiq, ‘The Origin of Economics and the Muslims’, Economist, Punjab University, (7:1), June 1969, pp. 17-49.
Relates how the medieval age of Europe was a golden period in Muslim history. During these one thousand years many branches of knowledge, including economics were developed. An introduction to the classical sources of Islamic economics is also given.
An informative and valuable article. For Muslim econo- mists.
0311- Qur’ān
0311:1 KHAN, Iḥsan Mohammad, World Problems and Muslim Economics. Karachi: Al-Qur’ān Printing & Publish- ing Cooperative Association, 1952, 150 pp.
A comparative study of capitalism, socialism and Islam. The economic teachings of Islam are discussed in a compre- hensive and integrated manner. The book is an excellent compendium on the economic teachings of the Qur’ān. Many brilliant inferences are made from the Qur’an and the Sunnah. Closes with an outline of the reform programme.
0311:2 MAWDŪDĪ, A.A., Qur’ān Kī Ma‘āshī Ta‘līmāt (Economic Teachings of the Qur’ān) (U). Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1974 (1969), 70 pp. Reprinted in Ma‘āshiyāt-e- Islām, Lahore (1969).
33
A source book on the economic teachings of the Qur’ān. The writer has included almost all the verses of the Qur’ān relevant to Islamic economics.
A useful study for further research.
0312:1 KHAN, M. Akram, Economic Teachings of Prophet Muhammad. (PBUH). Unpublished: Mimeo. 1980, 857 pp.
A compilation of aḥādīth on subjects relating to Islamic economics with text and translation. The text of the aḥādīth is classified under different headings. Each set of aḥādīth is preceded by a short note by the author. Based on eleven primary sources, the compilation is fully documented. A source book for Muslim economists.
ALSO SEE 321:40
0314 – Survey of Contemporary Trends
0314:1 ŞIDDİQİ, M. N., ‘Muslim Economic Thinking: A Survey of Contemporary Literature on Islamic Economics’ in Studies on Islamic Economics. Leicester: The Islamic Found- ation, 1980, pp. 91-316.
A critical and comprehensive survey of unpublished and published literature up to 1975. Based on 700 Urdu, English and Arabic sources. Covers system, philosophy, analysis, policy issues, growth, and history of economic thought. Points out gaps in the literature. Closes with a detailed bibliography. The bibliography has also been published separately by the Islamic Foundation. Read at First International Conference on Islamic Economics, Makka, 1976.†
0314:2
‘A Survey of Contemporary Islamic Litera- ture on Money, Banking and Monetary Policy’. Unpublished. Paper read at International Seminar on Monetary and Fiscal Economics of Islam, Makka, 1978.
Surveys the broad spectrum of analysis and opinions on interest-free banking, its main issues and monetary policy as
* To be published by the Islamic Research Academy, Mansura, Multan Road, Lahore.
+ Sponsored by: King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
34
discussed in literature on Islamic economics. Critical and suggestive of blank areas.
A useful treatise for Muslim economists.
0314:3
‘Recent Works on History of Economic Thought in Islam’. Unpublished. Mimeo. International Centre for Research in Islamic Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, nd (1980), 33 pp.
Reviews writings in Arabic, English and Urdu on Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Taimiyah, Abū Yūsuf, Ghazzālī, Tūsī, Walīullāh, Iqbal and some other Muslim thinkers. The survey covers a wide range of writings which are, prima facie, unrelated to economics. Makes a critical review of major writings and suggests lines for further research. Adds a comprehensive bibliography.
For Muslim economists. Fully documented.
0315 – Individual Thinkers
0315:1 ‘ABDUL-QADIR, Studies in Islamic Socio- Economic Thought. Hyderabad (India): Institute of Indo- Middle East Cultural Studies, 1975.
Third chapter deals with the economic ideas of Ibn Khaldun.
Elementary and for laymen.
0315:2 AHMAD, Ilyās, ‘Ibn Taymiyah on Islamic Economics’, Voice of Islam, Karachi (9:11), August 1961, pp. 557-69.
Discusses Islamic injunctions about trust, ghanimah, fai’, zakāt and their administration. Explains Ibn Taymiyah’s point of view on these subjects.
Juristic approach.
0315:3 AHMAD, S. Riaz, Maulana Maududi and the Islamic State. Lahore: Peoples’ Publishing House, 1976.
Chapter seven of the book discusses Mawlānā Mawdūdi’s economic views: takes a critical view of Maudūdī’s ideas. Discussion, though scholarly, suffers from partisanship and partiality.
Useful for Muslim economists.
0315:4 BOULAKIA, Jean David C., ‘Ibn Khaldūn: A Fourteenth Century Economist’, Journal of Political Eco- nomy, September/October 1971, pp. 1105-18.
Based on the Muqaddimah, illustrates a number of economic notions given by Ibn Khaldūn about four centuries before Adam Smith. Ibn Khaldun anticipated Adam Smith in his theory of labour value, Malthus for theory of population and Keynes for a normative role for the state. He also pre- sented a coherent theory of economic growth. Ibn Khaldūn should be treated as the founder of economic science.
Very well researched and fully documented. For eco- nomists, Muslims and others.
0315:5 JĀRULLAH, E. B., ‘Shāh Walīullāh Kē Ma‘āshī Afkār’ (Economic Ideas of Shah Walīullāh). (U) Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad (13:10) April 1976, pp. 860-71.
First part comments on capitalism and socialism. In the later part, Shah Waliullah’s thesis that we should benefit from the thought of all mankind is expounded.
Descriptive.
0315:6 KAHF, Monzer, ‘The Economic Views of Taqiuddin Ibn Taimiyah’. Unpublished. Mimeo. 1976, 25 pp.
Discusses views of Ibn Taimīyah on thaman mithl, eco- nomic freedom, pricing in the market, role of the muhtasib and the positive functions of the Government in the devel- opment of a smooth and just socio-economic order. Mainly based on Ibn Taimiyah’s book al-Hisbah fil-Islām, many penetrating conclusions are drawn. The author also suggests lines for further research.
A scholarly paper; based on primary sources; fully documented; addresses Muslim economists.
0315:7 KHAN, M. Akram, Mawlānā Mawdūdī Kē Ma‘āshī Tasawwurāt (Economic ideas of Mawlānā Mawdūdī.) (U). Lahore: Al-Badr Publications, 1983, 208 pp.
Gives a lucid summary of Sayyid Mawdūdī’s (1903-1979) economic writings. Builds an interpretative model of Islamic economy based on Mawdūdī’s ideas. Examines critically his various theories. Points out areas for further research. Meant for Muslim economists. Fully documented.
36
0315:8 KIFAYATULLAH, ‘Economic Thought in the 8th Century – The Muslim Contribution’, Voice of Islam, Karachi (24:6) March 1976, pp. 301-4.
Introduces Imām Muḥammad’s (b. 750 A.D.) book The Earning as, perhaps the first book on Islamic economics. The essay is a rare document as it brings to light a source book, mostly unknown to contemporary scholars on Islamic economics.
0315:9 MERK, J., ‘Socialist Ideas in the Poetry of Muḥammad Iqbal’, Studies in Islam, New Delhi (5:3), July 1968, pp. 167-79.
Suggests that Iqbal believed that Socialism and the Qur’ānic economic teachings are closely related to each other. A controversial yet scholarly paper based on primary sources. Useful for Muslim economists.
0315:10 MINORSKY, V., ‘Naşir al-Din Țūsi on Finance’, Iranica (Tehran University), 1964, pp. 64-85.
A well researched essay on the 13th Century Memo- randum of Ṭūsī for the guidance of Mongol Kings on the financial administration of the then Iran. Gives a verbatim translation of the memorandum and explains technical terms. Source material for economic history of the Muslim people.
0315:11 QADIR, M. A., ‘Ibn Khaldūn Kē Ma‘āshī Khiyālāť’ (Ibn Khaldun’s Economic Ideas). (U). Ma’ārif, Azamgarh (50:6), December 1944, pp. 433-41.
A brief but comprehensive summary of Ibn Khaldūn’s economic ideas. The writer has picked up his thoughts from Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddimah.
A useful article on the history of economic thought in Islam.
0315:12 QURESHI, T. A., ‘Shāh Waliullah Ki Nazar men Musalmanon Kē Ma‘āshi Masā’il Kā Ḥall’ (Solution of the Muslim economic problems in the eyes of Shah Walīullāh). (U). Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad (7:3) September 1969, pp. 218- 26, (7:4) October 1969, pp. 302-10.
A summary of Shāh Waliullah’s ideas on the production and exchange of wealth. Derived from his book Ḥujjatullah al Balighah.
37
An elementary statement. A useful article on the history of Islamic economic thought.
0315:13 RAHMAN, S. A., Iqbal aur Socialism (Iqbal and Socialism). (U). Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1978, 80 pp. Urdu Translation of a paper read at Shāme-Hamdard, published by Hamdard Foundation, Karachi, 1974.
A scholarly exposition of the concept of socialism based on primary sources. Argues that Iqbal opposed socialism. Iqbal’s message is spiritual rather than material; he shares socialism’s mistrust of capitalism; but his criticism of capitalism does not make him an advocate of socialism. Solution of modern man’s problems lies in Islam, which ensures greater justice and respect for the have-nots.
Fully documented. Philosophical jargon.
0315:14 RIFAT, S. Mubāraz al-Dīn, ‘Ma‘āshiyāt par Ibn Khaldun Ke Khiyālāt’ (Economic Ideas of Ibn Khaldūn). (U). Ma‘ārif, Azamgarh, (40:1) July 1937, pp. 16-28, (40:2) August 1937, pp. 85-95.
Valuable study of the economic thoughts of Ibn Khaldūn. Describes his ideas on production, exchange and consump- tion of wealth.
A source article on the history of economic thought in
Islam.
0315:15 SATTĀR, M. A., ‘Ibn Khaldun’s Contribution to Economic Thought’. Proceedings of the Third East Coast Regional Conference, M.S.A. (U.S.), 1970 (1973), pp. 157-68.
Brief biographical sketch of Ibn Khaldun and a summary of his ideas on the market system, macro-economics, taxa- tion, role of government, labour and money.
Based on the English translation (by Rosenthal) of his Muqaddimah. Elementary. Descriptive.
0315:16 SHAHĪN, R. B., Iqbāl Kē Ma‘āshi Nazariyyāt (Economic Ideas of Iqbāl). (U) Lahore: All Pakistan Islamic Education Congress, n.d., 118 pp.
A summary of Iqbal’s views on economics; the main thrust of the book is that Iqbāl was not a socialist. Quotes extensively from Iqbal’s poetry.
For laymen.
38
0315:17 SHARAFUDDİN, A. M. M., ‘Abū Ja’far al- Dāwūdi Ki Kitābul Amwāl’ (Kitāb al-Amwāl by Abū Ja’far al-Dawūdī). (U). Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad (4:3) September 1966, pp. 107-13. Reprinted from: Islamic Studies, Islamabad 4(4) December 1965, pp. 441-8.
Based on a microfilm from Madrid (Spain), the essay outlines the contents of a rare manuscript by Abū Ja’far al-Dawūdī.
Informative and precise. A source article.
0315:18 SHERWANI, H. K., ‘Ibn-i-Taimiyah’s Economic Thought’, Islamic Literature, Lahore (8:1) January 1956, pp. 9-22.
Argues that all property belongs to Allah and man can hold it only in trust. Man can use the property only according to the will of his Lord. There is more than one situation when property can be confiscated or quantitatively de-limited by the state, in the greater interest of the people.
Descriptive. For laymen.
0315:19 ŞIDDİQİ, Na‘īm, Iqbāl, Maghribī Māddiyat aur Socialism, (Iqbal, Western Materialism and Socialism). (U). Lahore: Dārulfikr, 1969, 48 pp.
Based on Iqbal’s poetry and lectures, it has been argued adequately that Iqbal criticised both materialism of the West and communism of Russia.
A comprehensive treatment.
0315:20 SOMOGYI, J. de, ‘Economic Theory in Classical Arabic Literature’, Studies in Islam, New Delhi, (2:1) January 1965, pp.1-6.
Briefly describes the economic ideas of al-Dimashqi and Ibn Khaldun.
0315:21
,
‘Trade in Classical Arabic Literature’, The
Muslim World (55:2) April 1965, pp. 131-4.
Introduces some old treatises on the economic theory and commercial practices expounded by Muslim writers like al-Jāḥiz, Ghazzālī, Ibn Khaldūn and al-Dimashqī. It is a brief history of early economic thought in Islam.
39
0315:22
‘State Intervention in Trade in Classical
Arabic Literature’, Studies in Islam, New Delhi (4:3) July
1967, pp. 61-4.
States that Ibn Khaldūn’s ideas on liberalism anticipated Western lassaiz faire by four centuries.
0315:23
‘Economic Fundamentals in Classical Arabic Literature’, Studies in Islam, New Delhi, (3:3) July 1966, pp. 115-18.
Discusses ideas of Al-Dimashqi and Ibn Khaldūn on value, price and money and compares them with those of Adam Smith.
0315:24 ‘UTHMĀN, M., ‘Iqbāl aur Ma‘āshi Masā’il’ (Iqbāl and Economic Problems). (U). Iqbāl, Karachi (5:6) April 1957, pp. 49-103.
An attempt to show that Iqbal pleaded for economic betterment of Muslims through ‘socialistic’ teachings of Islam. Representative of the school of thought which views Iqbal as a socialist.
0315:25 WALĪULLĀH,
Shah,
Fiqh-e-‘Umar (The Jurisprudence of ‘Umar). (U). (Trans: Abū Yaḥyā Khān.) Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1976 (1952).
A summary of the Caliph ‘Umar’s ideas on various aspects of figh; a considerable part of the book deals with the second Caliph’s viewpoint on economic matters like zakāt, market organisation, distribution of fai’ ghanimah, hibah, mukātabah and land management.
It is a useful compilation of source material on Islamic economics with commentary both by the author and the translator.
032 – Methodology of Islamic Economics
032 AHMAD, M. R., ‘Islāmī Ma‘āshiyāt Ki Tashkil-e-Jadid’ (Reconstruction of Islamic economics). (U). (Chirāgh-e-Rāh, Karachi (22:10), October 1968, pp. 17-29.
Describes four guiding principles of Islamic economics. The entire received doctrine needs to be reviewed in the light of these principles.
An essay in methodology of Islamic economics. Meant for Muslim economists.
40
0321 – Principles to Derive Economic Principles of Islam from the Sources
0321:1 ȚĂSĪN, M., ‘Islāmī Iqtiṣādiyāt sēy muta‘allaq chand uşūlī bāten’ (A few basic questions about Islamic economics). (U). Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad, (14:2) August 1976, pp. 87- 101.
Discusses principles of deriving economic doctrines from the Qur’an and the Sunnah. Useful discussion on the methodology of Islamic economics.
Rich in argumentation. Meant for Muslim economists.
040-ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE MUSLIM PEOPLE 040:1 HASAN, I. H. and ‘Ali Ibrāhīm ḤASAN, Muslimānon Kā Nizām-e-Mamlikat, (Organisation of State by Muslims). (U) (Trans: ‘Alīmullāh Ṣīddiqi.) Karachi: Darul-Isha’at, 1975.
Chapter three (pp. 238-74) deals with public finance dur- ing early and medieval Muslim periods. It states brief history of taxation during early Caliphate, Umayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids and Mamluks.
Source material for the economic history of the Muslim people.
040:2 HUSSAIN, M. Hādī and A. H. KAMĀLĪ, ‘Taxation Policies of the Power State’ in The Nature of the Islamic State. Islamabad: National Book Foundation, 1977, pp. 156-64.
A penetrating analysis of taxation policies of Muslim Power States (mulūkiyyah). Explains how juridical theories were propounded to legitimise the fiscal policies of Muslim monarchs. Discusses fai’, zakāt, ghanīmah and the status of baitul-mal.
Contains stimulating ideas for further exploration by Muslim economists. Based on primary sources; fully documented.
040:3 LEWIS, B., ‘Sources for the Economic History of the Middle East’ in Cook, M.A. (ed.) Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East. London: Oxford University Press, 1970, pp. 78-92.
41
A survey article on the sources of economic history of the Muslim people.
A useful article. Historical. Fully documented.
040:4 LOMBARD, M., The Golden Age of Islam. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co., 1975.
A comprehensive treatise on the economic history of the Muslims during the 8-11th centuries (A.D.) Describes the geographical setting of Muslims during the height of their early glory. Discusses monetary problems, urbanisation, development of mercantilism, deprivation of the masses and the seeds of socio-economic unrest among them. The last part discusses the production and trade of various commodities and the role played by Jews and Christians. Depicts a vivid picture of the commercial activities and development of various techniques in those days for the record and mobility of credit.
Fully documented. A source book on economic history of the Muslim people.
040:5 ŞIDDİQİ, Amir H., The Origins and Development of Muslim Institutions. Karachi: Jamiyatul Falāḥ, 1969, 170 pp.
Part of the book deals with financial institutions during the periods of the Prophet, first four Caliphs, Umayyad and ‘Abbasid dynasties.
The treatment is brief and descriptive. Background material on the economic history of the Muslim people.
040:6 SOMOGYI, J. de, ‘The Part of Islam in Oriental Trade’, Islamic Culture, Deccan, (30), 1956, pp. 179-89.
A brief survey of Muslim trade from First Century hijra to the present day.
Based on primary sources; fully documented.
040:7 al-SYED, Abdul Malik, ‘Financial and Administrative Institutions in the Islamic State’. Unpublished: Presented at First International Conference on Islamic Economics, Makka, 1976.
A study of Muslim financial institutions, based on historical sources.
Descriptive.
42
041 – Pre-Islam and Early Islam
041:1 FĀRIQ, K. A. J., “Ahd-e-Şiddīqī Kā Iqtiṣādī jā’izah’ (Economic survey of the era of Abu Bakr Ṣiddiq). (U). Burhan, Delhi: (64:3) March 1970, pp. 167-81, (64:4) April 1970, pp. 241-55.
The economic situation during the Caliphate of Abū Bakr Siddiq is discussed. The article concentrates mostly on historical information about different battles in the period. For laymen. Documented.
041:2, “Ahd-e-Faruqi Kā Iqtiṣādī Jā’izah’ (Economic survey of the era of ‘Umar). (U). Burhān, Delhi, (64:6) June 1970, pp. 81-98.
An account of the economic policies of the Caliph ‘Umar. Descriptive but a useful source for the economic history of the Muslim people in that period.
041:3
For laymen.
“Ahd-e-‘Uthmānī Kā Iqtiṣādī Jā’izah’ (Economic survey of the era of the Caliph ‘Uthmān). (U). Burhan, Delhi, (65:3), September 1970, pp. 178-94, (65:4), October 1970, pp. 261-77.
Economic situation during the Caliph ‘Uthman’s period is pieced together. Contains a lot of unrelated historical information as well.
Descriptive. Source material for the economic history of the Muslim people. For laymen.
041:4, ‘Daur-e-Ḥaidarī Kā Iqtiṣādī Jā’izah’ (Eco- nomic survey of the era of ‘Ali). (U). Burhān, Delhi (65:5), November 1970. An account of the economic conditions during the Caliphate of ‘Ali.
Descriptive but a useful source material for the economic history of the Muslim people. For laymen.
041:5 ḤAMĪDULLAH, M., ‘Jāhilīyat men ‘Arabon Kē Ma’ashi wa Safarati Ta’alluqāt’ (Diplomatic and economic relations of pre-Islam Arabs). (U). Al-Balāgh, Karachi (2:3), June 1968, pp. 143-56.
A brief survey of trade in pre-Islamic Arabia. Based on primary sources, the article provides source material for the economic history of the Muslim people.
43
041:6
‘Budgeting and Taxation in the Time of the Holy Prophet’, Islamic Literature, Lahore (8:2), February, 1956, 75-84.
A chapter of his book ‘Progressive Islam’, provides information on zakāt administration in the days of the Prophet and contains some statistics on the state budget in those days.
A well researched paper. Useful for Muslim economists. 041:7 HAQUE, Ziaul, ‘Inter-Regional and International Trade in Pre-Islamic Arabia’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad, (7:3), September 1968, pp. 207-32.
A historical study on trade in pre-Islamic Arabia. Dis- cusses trade networks, important markets, routes, trade organisations and some trade practices.
Based on primary sources. Fully documented. Source material for the economic history of the Muslim people.
041:8 HASANUZZAMĀN, S. M., ‘Economic Policy in the Early Islamic Period’, Journal of the Rābiṭah, Makka, (6:8) June 1979, pp. 22-6.
A compact but comprehensive paper on the economic policies regarding consumption, production, distribution, market management, socio-economic welfare, population and defence during the early Islamic period.
Based on primary sources, it is an excellent paper on economic history of the Muslim people.
041:9
‘Islām aur Sharaḥ Sūd’ (Islam and the Rate of Interest). (U) Burhān, Delhi, (53:6), pp. 325-41.
An historical survey of rates of interest in various coun- tries in the days of the Prophet. The rate of interest was around 3% to 10% in Arabia, the lowest as compared to other countries. Uses diagrams to illustrate his thesis.
For Muslim economists.
041:10 RA’ANĀ, Irfān Maḥmūd, Economic System under ‘Umar the Great. Lahore: Sh. Muḥammad Ashraf, 1970, 135 pp.
An historical study on the economic events of the days of the second Caliph in Islam. Little about theory of these events. Nicely edited with footnotes, index, glossary and
bibliography.
44
042- Umayyads, ‘Abbāsids, Fāţimids, Mamlūks
042:1 BEG, M. A. Jabbār, ‘A Contribution to the Economic History of the Caliphate’, Islamic Quarterly, London (16:3-4) July/December 1972, pp. 140-67.
A scholarly study on the cost of living and the economic status of artisans in ‘Abbasid Iraq. Describes prices of neces- sities and non-essential goods, and throws light on the condi- tions, contracts, hours and wages of different categories of work during the ‘Abbasid period. The data is country-wise and artisan-wise and states the year to which it pertains. A source article for the economic history of the Muslim people. Fully documented and adequately argued.
042:2
“The Status of Brokers in Middle Eastern Society in the Pre-modern Period’, The Muslim World (67:2) April 1977, pp. 87-90.
An elementary description of the role of brokers in the Muslim society in the ‘Abbasid period and after. A source article on the economic history of the Muslim people.
Fully documented.
042:3 GRIERSON, Philip, ‘The Monetary Reforms of ‘Abd al-Malik, J.E.S.H.O., Leiden, (3), part 3, pp. 241-64.
A very well researched paper on the history of coinage during early Islam. Of special interest to Muslim economists is the author’s exposition of the gold-silver ratio during the Prophet’s days and the dirham-dinār relationship in those days. This may be helpful in studying the question of niṣāb of zakāt. For Muslim economists and jurists.
042:4 IMĀMUDDİN, S. M., ‘Maritime Trade under the Mamluks of Egypt’, Hamdard Islamicus, Karachi (3:4), Winter 1980, pp. 67-77.
An historical account of Mamluk maritime trade during 1250-1517 A.D. Brief but fully documented. A contribution to the economic history of the Muslim people.
For students of history and Muslim economists.
042:5 LABİB, Şubḥi, ‘Egyptian Commercial Policy in the Middle Ages’ in Cook M.A. (ed.) Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East, London: Oxford University Press, 1970, pp. 63-77.
45
A comprehensive survey of land trade and commercial policy of Egypt during 10th to 16th centuries.
A source article on the economic history of the Muslim people. Fully documented.
042:6 TŪMA, E. H., ‘Early Arab Economic Policies’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad (4:1) March 1965, pp. 1-23.
The first part describes budgeting and its attendant mal- practices during the Abbasid period. The second part discusses the market structure during the first four centuries of Islam. Based on primary sources; fully documented. A source article for economic history of the Muslim people.
043 – Medieval Islam
043:1 ALAT HESHMAT, Theory of Income Distribution under the Islamic Law. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, George- town University, (USA) 1953, 2 Vols. 368 pp.
A scholarly treatise based on the economic history of the Muslim people. Discusses consumption function and the theory of income distribution as practised by early and Medieval Islam. The author establishes the thesis that throughout the history of the Muslim society the principle of consumption minimisation seems to have been pursued, as also the principle of distributing production among various groups according to a fixed ratio. A scholarly and original contribution.
Fully documented with glossary and bibliography. For Muslim economists.
043:2 ASHTOR, Eliahu, ‘Banking Instruments between the Muslim East and the Christian West’, The Journal of European Economic History (1:3) Winter 1972, pp. 553-73.
Discusses the evolution, usage and distinctive character- istics of Saftaja as an important banking instrument which remained in vogue during the 10th and 11th centuries. Concludes that the Western bill of exchange was not borrowed from Saftaja.
Based on Cairo Geniza papers as well as juridical sources of Muslims. A scholarly study for students of economic history of the Muslim people.
46
043:3 BAER, Gabriel, ‘Guilds in Middle Eastern History’ in Cook, M.A. (ed.) Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East. London: Oxford University Press, 1970, pp. 11-30.
A survey article on the state of research on guilds in Egypt, Syria and Turkey from the 10th to 20th century.
A source paper for economic history of the Muslim peo- ple. Fully documented.
043:4 EHRENKREUTZ, A. S., ‘Monetary Aspects of Medieval Near Eastern Economic History’. In Cook, M.A. (ed.) Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East. London: Oxford University Press, 1970, pp. 37-50.
Emphasises the need to study the economic effects of monetary arrangements during the Muslim period. Points out gaps in the existing state of knowledge and surveys the textual and numismatic evidence.
A source material for the economic history of the Muslim people. Fully documented.
043:5 FAURE, A., ‘Trade-Guilds in Islamic Countries in the Middle Ages’, Islamic Review, London (56:1) January 1968, pp. 9-17. Reprinted from Diogenese (59) (1967).
History of trade-guilds in Muslim countries since the 10th century A.D. Describes organisation, functions and management of trade guilds in Muslim countries since the 10th century A.D. Suggests that the liberal spirit of these institutions needs to be preserved but not the form.
Based on primary sources. Provides useful source material for the economic history of the Muslim people. Fully documented.
043:6 GOITEIN, S. D., ‘Mediterranean Trade in the Eleventh Century: Some facts and problems’. In Cook, M.A. (ed.) Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East, London: Oxford University Press, 1971, pp. 51-62.
Based on the Cairo Geniza evidence, surveys almost all aspects of Muslim trade in the 11th century.
Fully documented. Source material for economic history of the Muslim people.
47
043:7
‘Letters and Documents on the Indian Trade in Medieval Times’, Islamic Culture, Deccan (37:3) July 1963, pp. 188-205.
Based on the Cairo Geniza documents, describes the commercial activities of Muslims from ports of the Red Sea stretching to South East Asia. Enumerates items of trade and organisation of trade during medieval times.
Source material for the economic history of the Muslim people. Fully documented.
043:8
—, ‘Commercial and Family Partnership in the Countries of Medieval Islam’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad (3:3) September 1964, pp. 315-37.
An historical survey of the commercial and family partnership during Fatimid and Ayyubid Egypt. Based on the original documents preserved in Cairo Geniza papers. Records multiple forms of contracts and their clauses. Cites a number of case histories from records of the courts.
Fully documented. Source material for the economic history of the Muslim people.
043:9 HAQUE, Ziāul, ‘Metayage and Tax Farming in the Medieval Muslim Society’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad (14:3) Autumn 1975, pp. 219-37.
A chapter of his book Peasant and Landlord in Early Islam (1977).
043:10 IBN KHALDŪN, The Muqaddimah: an Introduc- tion to History. (Trans: Rosenthal.) London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958, 481 pp.
Chapter 5 (pages 311-55) deals with economic matters. Discusses the law of supply and demand, division of labour, role of various crafts and the market place and market oper- ations. Anticipates Adam Smith in various respects. Some of the economic principles may justly be attributed to him as the first person to visualise.
A source book for Muslim economists. The translation is fully documented.
043:11 IMĀMUDDİN, S. M., ‘Some Aspects of Banking in Medieval Muslim Countries’ in Thoughts on Islamic Eco-
48
nomics. Dhaka: Islamic Economics Research Bureau, 1980, pp. 181-5.
An historical account of banking in medieval Muslim countries.
1980.
Presented at the Seminar on Islamic Economics, Dhaka,
Brief, descriptive and elementary. Undocumented.
043:12 ‘Baytul Mal and Banks in the Medieval Muslim World’, Islamic Culture, Deccan (35:1) January 1961, pp. 12-20.
An introduction to the institutions of baitul mal, jahbadh, suftajah and Ṣarrāfs. Mentions that the baitul mal provided agricultural and commercial finance. Informs that suftajah was the usual instrument for transfer of funds and that it was discounted for a certain amount if encashed before due date.
Fully documented. Source material for the economic history of the Muslim people.
043:13 KRAMERS, J. H., ‘Islamic Geography and Com- merce’ in Lewis, Archibald R. (ed.) The Islamic World and the West. London: John Wiley, 1970, pp. 66-78.
Demonstrates the crucial role that Islamic merchants played in linking China and India with the West, and it shows how Muslim geographers pioneered a relatively novel view of the world as a whole. It enables us to appreciate the role of the medieval Arabs in transmitting to the West new plants and manufacturing processes and better methods of carrying on business.
A source article for economic history of the Muslim people. Fully documented.
043:14 LABİB, Şubḥi, ‘Capitalism in Medieval Islam’, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 29 (1969), pp. 79-96.
Discusses emergence of great commercial dynasties in the Medieval East, especially Karimis of Egypt: describes textile industry in Muslim cities. Besides the credit practices, growth of banks and stock-exchanges (funduqs) and trade practices are discussed. Usury was always legally banned but practised. Moreover, a number of speculative practices in
49
agriculture were prevalent; interest and profiteering were rampant. States that the Muslim scholars discussed “ilm tadbir-e-manzil, which could be a prelude to Western economics’. The ‘ilm tadbir studied economics of the household in relation to ethics and politics.
Historical; scholarly; documented.
043:15 LOPEZ, S. Robert and IRVING W. Raymond, ‘Moslem Trade in the Mediterranean and the West’ in Lewis, A.R. (ed.) The Islamic World and the West. London: John Wiley, 1970, pp. 30-8.
A collection of four extracts on Muslim trade. First one from Abul Fadl Ja’far’s Beauties of Commerce: on ‘Merchants and Commerce in Muslim Syria’; Second from al-Jāḥiz’s The Investigation of Commerce on Imports of Iraq; Third and fourth on ‘Jewish Role in World Trade’ from Abul Qasim ‘Ubayd Allah ibn Khurradādhbih, The Book of the Routes and the Kingdoms. Describes the routes and composition of Muslim trade.
Source material for the economic history of the Muslim people.
043:16 PHULWĀRWĪ, M. J., ‘Musalmānon Ki Tijāratī Sargarmian’ (Commercial Activities of the Muslims). (U). Al-Balagh, Karachi (2:8, 9) November-December 1968, pp. 501-4, 562-6.
A collection of abstracts from different historical sources testifying to Arab trade during medieval times.
A source article for the economic history of the Muslim people.
043:17 UDOVITCH, A. L., Commercial Techniques in Early Medieval Islamic Trade’ in Richards, D. S. (ed.) Islam and Trade of Asia. Oxford, 1970, pp. 37-62.
A review of commercial practices during the 8th-12th centuries A.D. Historical perspective based on the legal documents of Hanafite school.
An excellent study. Fully documented. For Muslim economists.
50
044 – Muslim Dynasties in Spain
044:1 IMĀMUDDİN, S. M., ‘Commercial Relations of Spain with Ifriqiyah and Egypt in the 10th AC’, Islamic Culture, Deccan, (38:1) January 1964, pp. 9-14.
Narrates the trade routes and items of trade between
Spain and North Africa in the 10th Century.
Source material for the economic history of the Muslim people.
045 – Sultanate and Mughals in India
045:1 ISLĀM, Zafarul, ‘Aurangzeb’s Farman on Land Tax’, Islamic Culture, Deccan, (52:2) 2 April, 1978, pp. 117-26.
Compares Aurangzeb’s system of land revenue with instructions in Fatāwā-e-Alamgirī and concludes that the Farman took care of the practical realities as well while the fatāwā were only a theoretical compilation of the law.
Fully documented. Source material for the economic history of the Muslim people.
047 – Seljuks and Turks
047:1 BARKAN, O. L., ‘Research on the Ottoman Fiscal Surveys’ in Cook, M.A. (ed.) Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East. London: Oxford University Press, 1970, pp. 163-71.
An introduction to the Turkish system of census of population and taxable resources which remained in force till the 17th century.
A source paper for the economic history of the Muslim people. Based on primary sources. Fully documented. 047:2 GIBB and BOWEN, “Taxation and Finance’ in Islamic Society and the West. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1950, pp. 1-69.
Chapter seven of the book deals with the fiscal system of the Ottoman Sultanate during the 15th-18th centuries. Surveys the types of taxes, their collection, accountancy and adminis- tration in the entire Sultanate including Arab and Persian provinces. The last part traces the history of currency and coinage in the Sultanate.
51
A well researched document based on primary sources. A valuable source for the economic history of the Muslim people.
047:3 HAQUE, Ziāul, ‘Origin and Development of Ottoman Timar System’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad (15:2) Summer 1976, pp. 123-34.
A bibliographical essay on the origin, development and decline of the timär system. The timārs were grants of land as fief for military service.
Source material for the economic history of the Muslim people. Fully documented.
ALSO SEE 320:11
049 – Contemporary Situation
049:1 IBRAHİM AHMAD, ‘Zakāt and Fitrah in Malaysia’, Quarterly Al-Islam, Singapore (3:4) December 1972, pp. 1- 15.
Review of zakāt legislation in different states of Malaysia. Mostly discusses administration of zakāt. Closes with criticism and suggestions. Useful for Muslim economists as it brings to light the applied side of zakāt in the contemporary context.
049:2 ‘IRFAN, A., ‘Pakistan men Zakāt Ki Mutawaq- qa’ amdani’ (Expected level of zakāt income in Pakistan). (U). Tarjumānul-Qur’ān, Lahore (88:2) October 1977, pp. 66-80.
Attempts to forecast the potential revenue from zakāt in Pakistan on the basis of published statistics. Gaps in the available data are filled by making assumptions. Tries to establish that zakāt would provide a major source of revenue in modern times.
051 – Critique of the Capitalist System
051 ŞIDDİQİ, A. Ḥamid, Insāniyat Ki Ta’mir-e-naw aur Islām (Reconstruction of Humanity and Islam). (U) Lahore: Islamic Publishing House, 1976, 222 pp.
Presents a penetrating criticism of Western civilisation.
52
Examines critically the basis of capitalism, socialism and fascism. Last part of the book describes the performance of these systems. The criticism is conceived from a Muslim’s point of view and can serve as a useful background study in comparative economic systems.
05121 – Examination of Theories of Interest
05121:1 AHMAD, Sh. Maḥmūd, ‘Sūd Kā Mas’ala’ (The Problem of Interest). (U) Thaqāfat, Lahore (2:2) February 1956, pp. 33-43.
A brief survey of modern theories of interest and Islam’s solution of credit problems.
Although meant for laymen, yet useful for Muslim econ- omists as well.
05121:2
‘Semantics of the Theory of Interest, Islamic
Studies (6:2) June 1967, pp. 171-95.
Conceived in the framework of Western economics; argues that ‘interest’ should not be confused with ‘profit’ or ‘rent’. For a clear understanding of ‘interest’ a distinction is necessary in the risk-capital – deployed by the entrepreneur and loan-capital borrowed on interest. Any rational theory of capital does not justify ‘interest’.
An excellent study on the subject. Meant for professional economists. Fully documented.
05121:3
———————, ‘Social Justice without Tears’, Economists, Punjab University, (7:1), June 1969, pp. 71-84.
Discusses the relationship of interest and saving and spells out the harmful effects of interest on employment. Briefly touches upon a proposal for interest-free credit.
Reprinted in his book Social Justice in Islam (1975). Meant for economists.
05121:4
—, ‘Man and Money’, Islamic Studies, Islama- bad (9:3) September 1970, pp. 217-44.
A scholarly paper on the negative role of interest-earning capital. Forcefully argues for the need to abolish interest. Fully documented. For professional economists.
05121:5
‘Interest and Unemployment’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad (8:1), pp. 9-46.
53
Explains how interest, by acting adversely on the marginal efficiency of capital, prevents investment and thus full employment. Evaluates Dillard, Seymour, Harris and Haberler’s criticism of Keynes, asserting thereby that invest- ment is interest-elastic.
Tries to explain that one of the major causes of under- employment inflation is the inclusion of a multiple of the rate of interest in the cost at each stage of production which increases price level. Criticises Wicksell and Fisher on their assertion that rate of interest and prices are inversely related. Based on Keynsian theory of employment. Meant for professional economists. Fully documented.
05121:6
‘Comments on Ethical Foundations of Islamic Economics’. Mimeo, 1978.
A detailed commentary on S.N.H. Naqvi’s paper pre- sented at Experts Panel of the Council of Islamic Ideology of Pakistan and subsequently published in Islamic Studies (17:2).* Critically examines the author’s views on interest. Argues that the institution of interest is neither socially nor economically desirable or necessary. Brings into the limelight the exploi- tative and restrictive role of interest and shows how the economists of the world are supporting it without any solid ground.
Fully documented.
ALSO SEE 311:13
052 – Critique of the Socialist and Communist System 052:1 AHMAD, Khurshid et. al., (ed.), ‘Socialism Num- ber’, (Special issue on Socialism), Chirāgh-e-Rāh, Karachi, (U), December, 1967, 525 pp.
This special issue of Chiragh-e-Rāh, the journal of the Islamic Research Academy, Karachi is devoted to a critical examination of various aspects of socialism. It contains eight- een scholarly contributions on different theoretical and ap- plied aspects of socialism. Khurshid Ahmad offers a thorough economic and humanitarian critique of socialism (later pub-
* See 054:12 below.
54
lished in book form as Socialism yā Islām), Abdul Hamid Şiddiqi writes on the philosophic foundations of socialism and exposes their contradictions and weaknesses. Qazi Abdul Qadir dwells on ‘Alienation in the Marxist System’. Usman Ramz deals with ‘Socialism and Religion’. Hussain Khan offers a well-researched and documented critique of the Socialist approach to economic development. Ahmad Anas presents the socialist approach to Islam. Abad Shahpuri con- tributes two papers on Soviet policy towards Islam and the Muslims of Central Asia. Khalil Hamidi writes on Arab Socialism. Zafar Ishaq Ansari gives a lucid analysis of the Ba’thist concept of socialism. Mumtaz Ahmad deals with ‘Algerian Socialism’. Hassan Kaleemi scans the rise and fall of the Land Commission in Indonesia. Yaqub Tahir, Nasir Ahmad and Qadir Ghazi review the Communist movement in Pakistan. Naeem Siddiqi presents a critique of Islamic Social- ism and also contributes an original treatise on the Islamic economy as the alternatives to Socialism and Communism. This issue also contains a written symposium on the Challenge of Communism in which there are original contributions from Arnold Toynbee, E. I. J. Rosenthall, W. Montgomery Watt, A. K. Brohi, Abul Ala Mawdudi, Chaudhry Muhammad Ali and Justice Abdul Hameed.
A scholarly contribution; useful for the layman and the economist.
052:2 BROHĪ, A. K., ‘Why I am not a Marxist’ in Testament of Faith. Lahore: Publishers’ United, 1975, pp. 1-32.
Discusses scientific socialism on philosophical grounds and points out its contradictions. The author argues that Marxism is a religion and is opposed to what Islam holds as man’s role in this universe.
Philosophical.
052:3 GHANĪ, U., ‘Proletārī Āmiriyyat aur Lenin’ (Lenin and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat). (U) Tarjumānul Qur’an, Lahore, (70:3), pp. 173-83, (70:4), pp. 223-33.
Discusses Marxian theory of dictatorship of the Proletariat and Lenin’s policies to attain it. Criticises Lenin for his policies of complete regimentation.
Based on primary sources. A scholarly paper; descriptive.
55
052:4 ḤAKİM, K. A., Islam and Communism. Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1953, 232 pp.
Discusses the principles and philosophy of Communism and compares it with the economic principles of Islam. Last two chapters discuss Islamic Socialism, by which the author means social justice ensured through peasant proprietorship, prohibition of ribā, enforcement of zakāt, wirāthah and state interference where necessary.
A scholarly work which merits the attention of Muslim economists.
052:5 PARWEZ, G. A., ‘Jahān Marx Nākām Rah Gayā’ (Where Marx failed). (U) Ṭulū‘-i-Islām, Lahore (29:1), Janu- ary 1976.
A rapid survey of economic philosophy of capitalism and communism. Marxist ideals are laudable but a proper method to achieve them is missing. Same ideals have been achieved in Islam by a psychological change – faith – and not by coercion. Marx failed to perceive the role of Īmān – faith – in bringing economic change. A Marxist interpretation of Islam. Repre- sentative of a particular school of thought.
Descriptive. For laymen.
052:6 RAFI UDDİN, M., ‘Karl Marx Kā Nazariyya-e- Ishtirākiyyat’ (Karl Marx’s Socialism). (U) In Qur’ān and Ilm-e-Jadid (Qur’ān and Modern Knowledge). Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1959, pp. 353-452. (Chapters 19-20.)
Society is continuously evolving. The direction of this evolution is such that ultimately private ownership will vanish and a just society will come into being. For this purpose the use of force by the state is justified. The difference between Islamic society and Marxist society is that the former entails grooming in spiritualism and thus harmonises the conflicting demands of man and society while the latter is devoid of it.
A philosophical treatise. Represents an original approach. Useful for Muslim economists.
052:7
The Fallacy of Marxism. Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1969.
A rational critique of dialectical materialism. The author
56
puts forth his own theory of ‘Urge for Ideals’ as an alternative to the Marxian interpretation of history.
Philosophical and rich in content. Useful for Muslim
economists.
ALSO SEE 058:2
053-Islamic Socialism
053:1 CONN, Harvie M., ‘Islamic Socialism in Pakistan: An Overview’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad, (15:2), Summer 1976, pp. 111-21.
A brief survey of views on socialism in Pakistan. There is still a great resistance against socialism in Pakistan, although it has won some support from the educated elite.
A scholarly paper. Useful for Muslim economists. Fully documented.
053:2 GARDENER, G. H. and SAMI, A. Hanna, ‘Islamic Socialism’, The Muslim World (56:2), April 1966, pp. 71-86.
Based on Muṣtafā al-Sibā’īs’ book al-Ishtirākiyyah fil- Islām, brings to light the concept of social justice in Islam.
A comprehensive and fully documented paper. For Muslim economists.
053:3 JAWED, Nasim A., ‘Islamic Socialism: An Ideo- logical Trend in Pakistan in the 1960s’, The Muslim World, (65:3), July 1975, pp. 196-215.
Reviews various strands of the debate on socialism in Pakistan during the 1960s.
A scholarly contribution. Fully documented.
053:4 KHALID, Detlev, ‘Islāmī Ishtirākiyat Kē chand Pahlu’ (Some aspects of Islamic socialism). (U) (Trans: Ziaul Haq.) Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad (7:7), January 1970, pp. 513- 26.
The author argues that Islamic socialism is a necessity for Muslim countries in the light of their past colonial experiences.
Describes the concept of Islamic socialism as understood by its proponents. Useful for Muslim economists.
053:5 ŞIDDİQİ, Aslam, ‘Islamic Socialism’ in Modern- isation Menaces Muslims. Lahore: Sh. M. Ashraf, 1974, pp. 80-115.
57
A philosophical treatment of the term ‘Islamic socialism’. Criticises the fusion of Islam with socialism. Points out areas of disagreement between the two. Indicates Islam’s role to maintain social justice.
Descriptive. Meant for the layman. Partly documented. 053:6 ȘIDDİQİ, N., ‘Islāmī Socialism’ (Islamic Socialism). (U) Chiragh-e-Rāh, Karachi (21:10), December 1967, pp. 439-66.
Text of a speech. Part one criticises lop-sided develop- ment in Pakistan till the mid-sixties. Rest of the paper develops a case against ‘Islamic socialism’.
Polemical, but a useful discussion.
053:7 UTHMĀN, M., ‘Islāmī Socialism’ (Islamic Social- ism). (U) Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad (4:6), December 1966, pp. 350-66.
The author argues that the economy of the Prophet’s time can be termed as ‘Socialist’; Islamic socialism denotes equality in distribution. There is nothing against socialism in Islam. Socialism and Communism are two different theories. Meant for the layman.
054- Islamic Economic System
054:1 ‘ABDUL RA’ŪF, M., The Islamic Doctrine of Economics’, Journal of the Rābiṭah (6:4-5), February/March 1979, pp. 18-25, 22-7.
A layman’s guide to Islamic economic principles. Sheds light on the economic values of Islam, its basic principles, recent growth of Islamic banks and compares Islam with capitalism and socialism.
054:2 AHMAD, Sh. Maḥmūd, Economics of Islam. Lahore: Sh. M. Ashraf, 1952 (1948), 180 pp.
One of the early statements on the economic system of Islam. Makes a comparative study of socialism, capitalism and Islam. Examines Western theories of interest and argues for its total prohibition. Also discusses zakāt and its economic implications and proposes an elementary model of interest- free banking.
A comprehensive study. Meant for Muslim economists.
58
054:3 al-‘ARABI, M. A., “The Islamic Economy and Contemporary Economy’. Proceedings of Third Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, Al-Azhar, 1966, pp. 201- 369.
Discusses theory of ownership, ethical and social obli- gations on wealth, investment of capital, zakāt, infaq, business ethics, ribā, monopoly, various misuses of wealth, inherit- ance and labour. Makes a comparison of the Islamic economy with the capitalist and socialist economies and affirms the superiority of the Islamic economy over the other two.
A detailed treatise. For laymen but useful for economists. 054:3(a) CHAPRA, M. U., ‘Review on “Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis”, The Muslim World Book Review, Leicester, (2:1), 1981, pp. 21-6.
Critical analysis of Nawab Haider Naqvi’s book, Ethics and Economics (Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1981). Disagrees with Naqvi’s point of view on ribā. Argues that ribă-free economy would not suffer from shortage of savings. The riba-free economy would be more stable than capitalist economies, since it would be free of the main destabilising factor – i.e. interest.
A penetrating and concise note for Muslim economists. Documented.
,
054:4 – The Economic System of Islam. London: The Islamic Cultural Centre, 1970, 54 pp.
A lucid statement of the Islamic economic system. Dis- cussion revolves around goals and values of the system and the role of the state in an Islamic economy.
Meant for Muslim economists. Fully documented. Based on primary sources.
054:5 GILĀNĪ, S. M. Aḥsan, Islāmī Ma’āshiyāt (Islamic Economics). (U) Karachi: Sh. Shaukat Ali & Sons, 1947, 435
pp.
A comprehensive book on Islamic economics by a leading religious scholar. The first part discusses the economic philo- sophy of Islam. The second part covers economic ideas of Islam on the applied aspects.
Written in a religious jargon and not confined to strictly
59
economic systems, yet it contains numerous original ideas. The book may be used as a source book by Muslim economists.
054:6 HAQUE, M. Riyazul, The Islamic Economic System: Policy Implications for its Introduction in Pakistan. Un- published: Dissertation for M.A. (Eco.) Development Studies, University of Manchester, 1980, 170 pp.
Describes Islam’s socio-political organisation. Discusses objectives, principles and assumptions of Islamic economic system. Takes up specific policy issues such as zakāt, abolition of ribā and ribā-free banking. A lucid and critical survey of recent literature on the subject. Closes with a comprehensive bibliography.
Meant for economists and policy makers. Fully documented.
054:7 KAHF, Monzer, ‘Islamic Economic System – a re- view’, al-Ittiḥād, Indiana, (15:1), January 1978, pp. 39-50.
Discusses the relationship of religion and economics. Argues that every economic system has its own (i) philosophy, (ii) principles and (iii) rules of operations. Describes the Islamic economic system under these three headings and compares them with capitalism and Marxism.
A scholarly paper for Muslim economists. Documented. 054:8 KHAN, M. Akram, ‘Is there an Economic System in Islam.** Voice of Islam, Karachi (24:7), April 1976, pp. 341-51.
Examines the question objectively. Defines the criteria to judge if the basic principles of Islam lend themselves to the formulation of a system. Applies the criteria to these princi- ples and concludes that there does exist an economic system in Islam.
054:9
Fully documented.
“Ilm-e-Ma’āshiyāt’ (Economics), Urdu Encyclopaedia of Islam, Lahore 1980, (14:7-8), pp. 386-486. A comprehensive and compact statement of the received
* Included in his forthcoming book: Issues in Islamic Economics, Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1983.
60
doctrine on Islamic economics. Besides the theoretical frame- work, also discusses ownership, rizq, factors of production, consumption function, market mechanism, money and credit, public finance and economic development. The discussion is in the orthodox framework. Critically examines some non- orthodox views also. Based on primary sources and fully documented. An appendix has been added by Dr. Syed ‘Abdullah on the need to write the economic history of the Muslim people, the need to critically examine the basic pre- cepts of Western economics, concept of money, baitul-māl and national income. The appendix has added greatly to the utility of the original paper.
May be used as a textbook for a graduate course on Islamic economics.
054:10 MANNĀN, M. A., Islamic Economics, Theory and Practice. Lahore: Sh. Muḥammad Ashraf, 1970.
Written in the form of a textbook, covers almost all aspects of the economics of Islam. At places makes comparison with capitalist economics. The analysis lacks rigour but is useful as a background study. Based mostly on secondary sources but refers to some primary sources as well.
Partly documented. Some chapters of this book have been published in the following journals: Criterion, Karachi (5:3), (6:1), (6:3); Al-Islam, Singapore (3:3); Islamic Review, London (58:3).
054:11 MAWDŪDĪ, A. A., Ma‘āshiyāt-e-Islām (Economics of Islam). (U) Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1969, 436 pp. (Ed. K. Aḥmad.)
An original and pioneering work on the economics of Islam. Contains extracts from Mawdūdi’s earlier works and reprints from some of his pamphlets. Discusses the economic philosophy of Islam; comparative study of the Islamic eco- nomic system with socialism and capitalism. Takes up leading issues on the operational side, mainly, muzāra`ah, ribā, zakāt, industrial relations and insurance. Most comprehensive of his works on Islamic economics. Lucid and descriptive.
A basic book for Muslim economists. Documented.
61
054:12 NAQVĪ, S.N.H., ‘Ethical Foundations of Islamic Economics’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad (17:2), Summer 1978, pp. 105-36.
Introduces a method to study the Islamic economic sys- tem analytically. Proposes a normative criterion to test any- thing as Islamic or otherwise. Tests some economic objectives and policy measures with this criterion. Arrives at logical conclusions. Feels the need for keeping some form of price for capital as a substitute for ribā to perform ribā’s ‘socially desirable’ functions.
Philosophical and theoretical. A controversial but valu- able study with complete documentation. For professional economists.
054:13 — Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1981, 176 pp.
Develops an analytical framework based on four axioms: Unity, Equilibrium, Freedom and Responsibility. Derives contours of Islamic economic system from the basic axioms and distinguishes it from socialism, capitalism and welfare economy. Defines objectives of public policy and various policy instruments. Considers that ribā may be abolished but the Islamic economy would have to replace it by some other device to perform the ‘useful’ functions which riba is currently performing. Visualises an enhanced role for the state. Pro- poses policy measures for the transition period.
A philosophical and analytical study. Meant for pro- fessional economists. Fully documented.
054:14 PARWEZ, G. A., Nizām-e-Rububiyat (System of Divine Sustenance). (U) Karachi: Idāra-i-Tulu-i-Islām, 1954, 296 pp.
Discusses philosophical basis of the system which cul- minates in the growth of human personality. The institutional framework suggested is similar to that of Communism, although the writer has tried to distinguish both on philo- sophical grounds. Interprets the Qur’an without the help of Ḥadīth or jurisprudence; a modernist approach.
Philosophical jargon.
62
054:15 QĀDRĪ, Ghulām Sarwar, Ma’āshiyāt Nizām-e- Muṣṭafă (Economics of Nizām-e-Muṣṭafā). (U) Lahore: Mustafa Academy, 1978, 230 pp.
A valuable compilation of source material on Islamic economics. Discusses in a summary way, the entire received doctrine from an orthodox point of view. Also contains a reply to the questionnaire of the Council of Islamic Ideology, Pakistan on ribā-free banking.
Based on primary sources. For the layman. Fully documented.
054:16 al-QARDĀWĪ, Yūsuf, ‘Islamī Nizām-e-Ma‘īshat ki kāmyābī ke liye Chand Nāguzīr Sharai’t’ (Some essential Conditions for Islamic Economic System). (U) Tarjumānul Qur’an, Lahore (76:2), October 1971, pp. 72-87.
The Islamic economic system is only a part of the total scheme of life. It will not bring the ‘desired’ results if imple- mented in isolation in an un-Islamic setting.
For laymen.
054:17 RAHMAN, Afzalur, Economic Doctrines of Islam. Lahore: Islamic Publications Ltd., 1975, 1976, 3 Vols. pp. 224, 275, 273.
A compendium of fundamental principles; collection of all relevant material. The first volume discusses economic philosophy and factors of production. The second volume covers distribution of wealth, consumption, exchange and land management. Last two chapters deal with wages and profit. The third volume deals in detail with the question of interest and zakāt.
Descriptive. Useful for economists as it brings together the bulk of source material. Based on both primary as well as secondary sources.
054:18 RA’UF, M. A., The Islamic Economic Doctrine and Contemporary Thought. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 23 pp.
A brief outline of the Islamic economic system. Intro- duces Islamic economic principles to the Western world. Contends that within a broad framework Islam grants a wide area for free choice and action. Islam prescribes a certain
63
degree of state intervention with free choice.
Meant for non-Muslims. Descriptive.
054:19 al-ŞADAR, S. M. Bāqir, Hamārē Iqtiṣādiyāt (Our Economics) (U) (Trans: Dhi Shān Haider.) Lahore: Maktaba Ta‘mīr-i-Adab, 1971.
Based on Shi’ah jurisprudence, the basic principles of the Islamic economy are discussed. The major emphasis is on a comparative study of Islam, capitalism and Marxism. Philo- sophical foundations of the Islamic economic system are described. The translation does not cite references and does not contain a bibliography or index. Amongst pioneering works on Islamic Economics by the ‘Ulema. Originally in Arabic. 054:20 SEHĀRVĪ, M. Ḥifzur Raḥmān, Islam Kā Iqtiṣādī nizām (Economic system of Islam). (U) Delhi: Nadvatul Muşanniffin, 1959.
A comprehensive study on the Islamic economic system. Covers a wide area from the philosophy to the practical appli- cation of these principles in agriculture, industry, trade and public finance. A pioneering work on Islamic economics by a religious scholar.
Useful for Muslim economists as a background study. 054:21 SHARIF, M. Raiḥān, Islamic Social Framework. Lahore: Sh. M. Ashraf, 1970, 276 pp.
Part of the book discusses the economic system of Islam with stress on institutional framework. Subjects discussed are: Islamic socialism; planning in Islam; role of zakāt etc.
Descriptive, for laymen.
054:22 SHEIKH, N. A., Some Aspects of the Constitution and the Economics of Islam. Woking: The Muslim Mission and Liberty Trust, 1961. English translation of his Urdu book Islāmī Dastur Aur Islāmī Ma‘āshiyāt kē chand Pahlū (1959).
Deals with negative rate of interest, zakāt and land ownership. Argues for nationalisation of land and state responsibility of providing all necessities for everybody. Hence no private trading in food, clothing, shelter, medicine and education.
Radical views, influenced by G. A. Parwez.
64
054:23 ȘIDDİQİ, H. Z., Islām Kā Ma‘āshiyātī niṣām (Economic system of Islam). (U) Lahore: Kitab Manzil, 1950, 184 pp.
An elementary statement on the basic principles of the Islamic economic system.
Orthodox point of view. Meant for laymen. Descriptive. One of the early attempts on the subject.
054:24 ŞIDDİQİ, M. Mazharuddīn, Islām Kā Ma‘āshī Nazariyyah (Economic theory of Islam). (U) Lahore: Idāra- Thaqāfat-e-Islamia, 1955, 92 pp.
Based on the economic history of the early days of Islam, principles of Islamic economy have been drawn. Compares Islam and socialism. Argues for total prohibition of all types of interest. Opposes Jāgīrdārī and defines limit of ownership.
Descriptive. For laymen. Useful for Muslim economists. 054:25 ŞIDDİQİ, M. N., Some Aspects of Islamic Economy. Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1970, 137 pp.
Collection of papers. Subjects dealt with are: Socio- economic philosophy of Islam; Islam’s approach to the right of property; a model of interest-free banking and the economic system of Islam.
First four essays lay down the basic premises of Islamic economics and are philosophical in method. Chapter on banking is a summary of writer’s views on interest-free bank- ing, published in a separate volume. The last chapter is on the system and is elementary.
A useful book for Muslim economists.
054:26 ŞIDDİQİ, Na‘īm, Ma‘āshī Nāhamwāriyon kā Islāmī hall (Islamic Solution to Economic Inequalities). (U) Karachi: Maktabah Chiragh-e-Rah, 1958, 419 pp.
Collection of papers: formulates outline of the pro- gramme for economic reforms in a society like that of Pakistan; discusses improvement in the quality of man by training and Islamic institutional arrangements to deal with the economic ills of the society. Discusses interest-free banking, cooperative movement, zakāt, abolition of jāgīrdārī system (has insisted on inquiry into the whole question of jāgīrs) at length. The discussion, although elementary, is thoughtful. The author
65
makes commendable suggestions in the discussion of ribā-free banking and the economic ethics of Islam. Discussion of industrial relations and rights of the labourer in Islamic society is also comprehensive with a note on the principles of wage- determination in a Muslim economy.
A useful book for Muslim economists.
054:27 YUSUFUDDİN, M., Islām Kē Ma‘āshī Nazariyyē (Economic Doctrines of Islam). (U) Deccan: Maṭba’a Ibrahimiyya, Hyderabad, 1950, 2 Vols. 756 pp.
A comprehensive compendium of economic doctrines in Islam. Hardly any verse of the Qur’an, tradition of the Prophet, principle of fiqh, or event of history which could throw some light on the economics of Islam, has been left out. Properly arranged. Based on primary sources. The author was awarded Ph.D on this thesis.
With index and bibliography. The style is descriptive. Citation of modern economic thought is scanty, although Islamic sources are fully documented.
ALSO SEE 130:3
0541 – Its Philosophy: Implications of Tawhid
0541:1 AHMAD, Ziāuddīn, ‘Rasul Akram Ki Ma‘āshī Ta’alim’ (Economic Teachings of the Prophet). (PBUH) (U). Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad, (12:10-11), April/May 1975, pp.594-601.
An elementary essay on the economic philosophy of Islam.
Meant for laymen.
0541:2 al-FĀRŪQİ, Ismā‘īl R., ‘Is the Muslim Definable in Terms of His Economic Pursuits?’ in Khurshid Aḥmad and Z. I. Anṣārī (ed.), Islamic Perspectives, Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1979, pp. 183-94.
Meant for students of economic philosophy, it discusses Islam’s world-view and its attitude towards economic matters. A valuable article with full documentation.
0541:3 al-FÁSI, ‘Allāl, ‘Islām Kā Ma‘āshi Nazariyyah’ (Eco- nomic Theory of Islam). (U) (Trans: M. A. Ghāzī. Fikr-o-
66
Nazar, Islamabad (7:11), May 1970, pp. 814-30.
A simple but forceful exposition on the economic philo- sophy of Islam.
Rich in content. A useful reading for Muslim economists. 0541:4 ISHAQUE, Khalid, M., ‘Islamic Approach to Economics’, Criterion, Karachi (12:10, 11, 12) October/ November/December 1977, pp. 11-28, 20-32, 17-28. Also included in Muslim World and the Future Economic Order, London: Islamic Council of Europe, 1979, pp. 74-100.
Argues the necessity of having an independent look, from the Islamic point of view, at the economic problems of Muslims. Defines the basic framework for Islamic economic principles, faith and social justice being two basic pillars of the framework. Describes basic principles of Islam towards eco- nomic aspects of life. Special emphasis on ribā, zakāt, enter- prise, private property and the role of the state.
Presented at the International Economic Conference, London, 1977.
Fully documented. Based on primary as well as secondary
sources.
0541:5 KHAN, M. Akram, ‘Economic Implications of Tawḥīd, Risāla and Akhira’, Criterion, Karachi (12:6 and 7), June/July 1977, pp. 22-43.
A fully documented paper on the economic philosophy of Islam. Discusses in detail the economic implications of the belief system of Islam.
Meant for Muslim economists.
0541:6 al-NOWAIHĨ, M., ‘Fundamentals of Economic Justice in Islam’. Proceedings of the Third East Coast Regional Conference, M.S.A. (U.S.) 1970 (1973), pp. 100-24. Reprinted in: Voice of Islam (21:1) October 1972, pp. 666-7 (21:2) November 1972, pp. 705-12.
Deals with Islam’s relation with the mundane side of life, infaq and limitation of property. Islam opposes concentration of wealth.
Meant for laymen.
0541:7 ŞIDDİQİ, A. Ḥamid, ‘Insän kā Matā-e-Dunyā sē Ta’alluq’ (Man’s relationship with worldly possessions). (U) in
67
Akhlaq aur Imān (Ethics and Faith). Lahore: Al-Badr Publications, n.d. (1977), pp. 150-75.
Discusses Islamic concept of worldly life and the status of wealth in Islamic society. Also discusses the values of sabr and tawakkul. Cites from the lives of the Prophet (PBUH) and his companions.
Undocumented
ALSO SEE 011:1-2
0543 – Concept of Wealth
0543:1 ‘UMARĪ, S. Jalāluddin, ‘Islam kā Nazariyya-e-Māl’ (Islam’s Theory of Wealth). (U) al-Furqān, Lucknow (44:12) December 1976, pp. 26-40.
Argues that wealth is not undesirable; it is a trust of Allah and man should spend it with a sense of responsibility and thanksgiving.
Meant for laymen.
0543:2 YUSUF, S. M., ‘Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī’ in Islamic Studies in Islamic History and Culture. Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1970, pp. 169-90.
Discusses Abu Dharr Ghifārī’s point of view on accumu- lation of wealth. Criticises economic policies of the third Caliph and defends Abu Dharr’s thesis.
Fully documented.
0544 – Concept of Rizq
0544:1 WALĪULLĀH, Shāh, ‘Ṭalab-e-Rizq’ (Effort for Rizq) (U) in Hujjatullāh-al-Bālighah (Trans: Khalil A. Israeli.) Lahore: Islami Academy, 1977, Vol. II, pp. 252-9.
A brief discussion on the theories of ownership, exchange, and resource allocation in the society.
0545 – Integration of Ethics into Economic Theory 0545:1 ‘ĀRIFF, M., ‘Islamic Ethics and Economics’. Proceedings of 7th Annual Conference of A.M.S.S., U.S.A., 1978, pp. 1-20.
The first part describes the role of ethics in economics.
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The second part outlines salient features of the Islamic economic order. The third part illustrates integration of ethics in the Islamic analysis. The last part describes the nature of Islamic economics.
For Muslim economists. Thought-provoking but undocumented.
0545:2 QARDĀWĪ, Yūsuf, ‘Ḥalāl wa Ḥarām kī Akhlaqi wa Rūḥāni Bunyāden’ (Moral and Spiritual Foundations of Ḥalal and Ḥarām). (U) Tarjumānul Qur’ān, Lahore (77:4), June 1972, pp. 163-74.
The law relating to ḥalal or harām is based on moral grounds and is universally applicable to all.
For laymen. Legalistic. Useful for Muslim economists. 0545:3 SA’EED, M., ‘Muft Khuri aur Kasb-e-Halal’ (Para- sitic dependence and earning through Ḥalāl means). (U) Fikr- o-Nazar, Islamabad, (17:1-2) July/August 1979, pp. 54-61.
Emphasises importance of Kasb al-ḥalal in Islam and cites from primary sources.
A useful collection of material on the subject. For Laymen.
ALSO SEE 011:6
—
0547 – Distribution of Wealth (Including Law of Inheritance) 0547:1 AHMAD, Javed, ‘Aḥkāmul Qur’ān Mirath’ (Qur’ānic Injunctions on Inheritance). (U) Ishraq, Lahore (1:1) January 1979, pp. 13-52.
Reinterprets Qur’anic verses on inheritance; suggests certain modifications on the received doctrine, especially on ‘awl and kalāla. A valuable contribution to the literature on the law of inheritance.
Written for ‘ulamā.’ Juridical jargon. Fully documented. 0547:2 ‘ALĪ, S. Shaukat, Taqsim-e-Mīrāth (Distribution of Inheritance). (U) Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1978, 125 pp.
A mathematical manual on the law of inheritance in Islam. Based on the Ḥanafite version. Facile and comprehensi- ble. Illustrated with numerous examples.
69
0547:3 ‘ALLĀM, Mahdi, ‘The Theory of Charity in Islam’ Second Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, al- Azhar, 1965, pp. 167-92.
A comprehensive paper on infäq. Discusses theory of infaq and its qualities.
Descriptive but useful for Muslim economists.
0547:4 GHAZNAVĪ, S.A.B., Circulation of Wealth in Islam. Lahore: Engineering University Islamic Society, n.d., 14 pp.
Outlines Islam’s system of distribution of wealth through zakāt, infāq, wirāthah and state action, if necessary. A few observations on socialism, capitalism and Islam. An authentic statement of the orthodox point of view.
Descriptive; for laymen; documented.
0547:5 SHAFÏ’, Mufti M., ‘’Islām kā Nizām-e-taqsim-e- daulat’ (Circulation of wealth in Islam). (U) Al-Balāgh, Karachi (2:1) April, (Eng: Trans: Muslim News, Karachi (7:8- 9) pp. 5-11.
Islam has devised a network of institutions like zakāt, infaq, law of inheritance, just wage, just profit, prohibition of ribā etc. which do not let wealth stagnate and get concentrated in a few hands. Interesting discussion on factors of production in Islamic economy.
Descriptive. For laymen, but useful for Muslim
economists.
0548 – Social and Economic Justice
0548:1 AHMAD, K., ‘Islām meṇ ‘Adl-e-Ijtimāī’ (Social Justice in Islam). (U) Chirāgh-e-Rāh, Karachi (23:10-11), October/November 1969, pp. 25-36, 53-71.
Review article on Syed Qutb’s book Social Justice in Islam. In the first part the book is introduced. In the second part certain observations are made. In the last, a few com- ments on Urdu translation are offered.
0548:2 AHMAD, Maḥfūz, ‘Distributive Justice and Fiscal and Monetary Economics in Islam’.
Unpublished. Paper presented at International Seminar on Monetary and Fiscal Economics of Islam. Makka, 1978, 28 pp.
70
The first part surveys the extent of distributive inequal- ities in 12 Muslim States. The second part lays down Islamic injunctions on economics. The last part narrates fiscal and monetary policies of early Islamic governments.
0548:3 ‘ASKARĪ, Ḥ., ‘The Islamic concept of social justice’ in Society and State in Islam: An Introduction. Lahore: Pro- gressive Books, 1979, pp. 197-226.
Defines the concept of social justice as visualised by the Qur’an in Makkan and Madinite sūras in sociological terms. Justice in Islam is to struggle in the way of God and for the oppressed. It requires structural changes. Critically examines some of the commonly held beliefs about social justice.
A scholarly study. Fully documented.
0548:4 HASAN, A., ‘Social Justice in Islam’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad (10:3) September 1971, pp. 209-19.
Emphasises Islam’s dislike for poverty, inequalities of wealth and exploitation. Cites Islam’s teachings in favour of greater economic justice. Also discusses economic conditions of some Muslim countries.
A scholarly study for Muslim economists. Fully documented.
0548:5 KĀKĀKHEL, M. Nazir,“Adl-e-Ijtimā“ī kā Qur’ānī Tasawwur’ (Qur’ānic Concept of Economic Justice). (U) Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad (17:1-2) July/August 1979, pp. 21-
36.
A comprehensive paper on the social, economic, political and moral concept of justice propounded by the Qur’ān. Fully documented. Useful for Muslim economists. 0548:6 MAWDŪDĪ, A. A., Islām aur ‘Adl-e-Ijtimā‘ī (Islam and Social Justice). (U) Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1974 (1963), 24 pp. Reprinted in Ma’āshiyāt-e-Islām, (1969), pp. 373-91.
An excellent paper on comparison of Islam and socialism in relation to their concepts about man, his rights, right of ownership and possibilities of the establishment of justice in the society.
A scholarly paper. Descriptive. Useful for Muslim economists.
71
0548:7 MINTJES, H., Social Justice in Islam. Amsterdam: Institute for the Study of Religion, Free University, 1977, 92 pp.
Surveys and critically examines contemporary literature produced by Muslims on the subject. Makes an honest and sympathetic restatement of the main shades of views. Argues that the present movement of social justice in Muslim countries is an effort of reading Western thinking in primary sources of Islam. Islam does have the potential for such a move, but it requires a ‘Modern’ (Western) reinterpretation to which the majority of the Muslim religious elite are opposed.
A scholarly book; invites Muslim social thinkers to face the challenge of orientalist criticism. Fully documented.
0548:8
‘The Shari’ah and Social Justice’, al-Mushir, Rawalpindi, (19:2) April/June 1977, pp. 99-105.
Summarises Muslim point of view on social justice in Islam. Opines that Muslims have only tried to reinterpret their primary sources to be in line with such modern move- ments as that of social justice. However, Islam does have seeds of social justice on which Muslims can rely.
Based on primary sources, fully documented; contains food for thought for Muslim economists.
0548:9 NAIT-BELKACEM, M.K., ‘The Concept of Social Justice in Islam’ in Alṭāf Gauhar (ed), The Challenge of Islam. London: The Islamic Council of Europe, 1978, pp. 134-52.
Briefly explains the concept of justice in Islam. Social justice in Islam is based on economic justice which derives its force from zakāt, baitul-māl and public ownership. Islam’s concept is superior to the prevalent systems of social justice.
For general reader. Based on secondary sources. Partly documented.
0548:10 NAQVĪ, S. N. H., ‘Economics of Human Rights: An Islamic Perspective’, Hamdard Islamicus, Karachi (4:2), Summer 1981, pp. 31-51.
Islamic concept of human rights strikes a fine balance between freedom and responsibility. It implies negation of egoistic behaviour and a commitment to altruistic behaviour. It further implies a society based on al-‘adl rather than mutuality of interest. Private ownership has to be geared to
72
the achievement of al-‘adl. It would also define direction of production in the economy. On the basis of these concepts a social choice is possible. This may be obtained by summing up weighted preferences of individuals.
Paper presented at the Seminar on Human Rights in Islam, Kuwait, December 1980.
Philosophical. For economists. Fully documented.
0548:11 QUTB, Sayyid, ‘The Basis of Social Justice in Islam’, Criterion, Karachi (3:4) July/August 1968, pp. 5-18. (Trans: Mi’raj Muḥammad.) Reprinted from al-‘Adalatul Ijtimā‘iyyah fil-Islām.
Discusses the concept of Tawhid and its implications. Justice in Islam is not based on equality, it is more than economic justice. Compares Islam’s concept with those of Christianity and Communism.
Useful for Muslim economists.
0548:12
Islam men ‘Adl-e-Ijtimā’ī (Social Justice in Islam). (U) (Trans: Siddiqi, M. N.) Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1969, 575 pp. Urdu translation of his al-‘Adalatul Ijtima’iyyah fil-Islām.
Discusses basic principles of Islamic economic system, with stress on social justice. Quotes extensively from the Qur’an, the Ḥadīth and Islamic history; also compares social insurance of capitalism and Socialism with the public maintenance system of Islam.
A scholarly book; for Muslim economists.
0548:13 ŞIDDİQİ, M. M., ‘Islam and Economic Exploit- ation’, Islamic Literature, Lahore (14:6), June 1968, pp. 25- 40.
Discusses the institution of khums, infaq and zakāt. Cites the prohibition of ribă and other commercial malpractices as example of ending exploitation in the society.
Descriptive. For the layman.
0548:13(a)
‘Islām men Ma’ashi aur Samājī Inṣāf kā Tasawwur’ (U) Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad (15:10) April 1978, pp. 20-33.
A generalised essay on the concept and mechanism of achieving economic justice in an Islamic society.
For laymen.
73
0548:14
‘Socialistic Trends in Islam’, Iqbāl, Karachi (1:1) April 1952, pp. 65-82.
Discusses policies of Islam with regard to distribution of lands, hoarding of wealth and infaq. Does not reconcile some apparently conflicting traditions.
0548:15 ŞIDDİQİ, N. and K. AḤMAD, Maujūdah Iqtiṣādī buḥrān aur Islāmī ḥikmat-e-maʻishat (Contemporary Eco- nomic crisis and the Economic policy of Islam). (U) Lahore: Jama’at-e-Islāmī, 1970, 271 pp.
A report on the economic problems of Pakistan and the Islamic solution thereof. Subjects covered are of a wide variety such as labour, wages, concentration of wealth, limitation of landed property, interest-free credit, inflation, organisation of zakat, insurance, and salary-structure. The report was a working paper for the Jama’at manifesto in the 1970 election and the analysis had political overtones. A better part of the report consists of references from the primary sources with original texts.
A very useful document for Muslim economists.
0548:16 ṬASİN, M., Adl-i-Ijtimā’ī aur Qur’ān-i-Ḥakīm (Social Justice and the Qur’an. (U) Lahore: Markazi Anjuman Khuddam-e-Qur’an, 1977, 30 pp.
A comprehensive essay on the concept of social justice in the Qur’an. Also discusses the mechanism to establish social justice in a society.
A scholarly treatment of the subject. Descriptive and for laymen.
0548:17 WAFİ, ‘Aly ‘Abdulwaḥeed, ‘Economic Integration in Islam’, Sixth Conference of the Academy of Islamic Re- search, Al-Azhar, 1971, pp. 763-812.
Deals mainly with Islamic law of ownership and its relationship with social justice.
Descriptive. For laymen.
0548:18 YAMĀNĪ, Aḥmad Zaki, “Adl-e-Ijtimā‘ī aur us kī Islāmi Bunyāden’ (Bases of Social Justice in Islam). (U) Fikr- o-Nazar, Islamabad (3:1), July 1965, pp. 48-80.
A comprehensive paper on the concept of social justice in Islam. Discusses in the light of Islamic injunctions, ownership,
74
production and consumption. Also describes the principles of public maintenance.
Based on primary sources. Fully documented.
0548:19 YUSUF, S. M., Economic Justice in Islam. Lahore: Sh. M. Ashraf, 1971, 108 pp.
Discusses basic principles of economic system of Islam; opposes modern financial institutions like joint stock com- panies, cooperative societies, paper currency, banks, insur- ance companies; pleads for gold standard, proportionate taxes, state insurance. But does not refute modern institutions adequately.
Fully documented. Based on primary sources. For Muslim economists.
ALSO SEE 011:6, 058:4
055- Goals of Economic System of Islam
055:1 HASANUZZAMĀN, S. M., The Objectives of Economic Policy in the Early Islamic Period’ in Economic System of Islam, Karachi, National Bank of Pakistan, 1980, pp. 151-60.
The various objectives of economic policy in the early Islamic period were: justice, simple living, equitable distribu- tion of wealth, stability of prices, security of supply, expansion in production, housing, provision of municipal services, pro- tection of the consumer through al-ḥisbah and national de- fence. Cites from early Muslim history.
Presented at the Seminar on Economic System of Islam organised by the National Bank of Pakistan, April 1979.
Based on primary sources. Fully documented.
055:2 ŞIDDİQİ, M. Mazharuddin, ‘Islām kē Ma‘āshi Aḥkām aur ‘Ahd-e-Jadīd kē Taqādē (Islam’s economic doctrines and requirements of the modern age). (U) Thaqāfat, Lahore (4:2), February 1957, pp. 31-41.
The author’s thesis is that Islam has given us the outlines of the system. We can build superstructure on these foun- dations according to the requirements of our own time.
75
055:3 TĀSIN, M., ‘Islām kē Ma‘āshi Maqāṣid’ (Economic Objectives of Islam). (U) Fikr-o-Nazar, İslamabad (2:11) May 1965, pp. 668-77.
There are two basic objectives: provision of basic neces- sities and equal opportunities for all to grow materially and spiritually.
An original paper, lays down the basic conceptual frame- work of the Islamic economic system. Useful for Muslim economists.
ALSO SEE 057:12-13
056 – Islamic Theory of Ownership
056:1 ISHAQUE, Khalid M., ‘Private Property and its Role in Islamic Social Order’ in Economic System of Islam, Karachi: National Bank of Pakistan, 1980, pp. 19-39.
Compares critically concepts of property in capitalism and socialism. Explains Islam’s theory of Amanah. Property relationships in Islam are conceived in its framework of social justice. Islam prohibits wagering contracts. Emphasises pro- duction and enterprise. Economic power to be diluted through just distribution.
Presented in the Seminar on Economic system of Islam organised by National Bank of Pakistan, April 1979.
Based on primary sources. Partly documented.
056:2 al-KHAFİF, Sheikh Aly, ‘Individual Property and its Limits in Islam’. The proceedings of the First Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, Al-Azhar, (Cairo) 1964, pp. 79-103.
Treats comprehensively the legal position of individual ownership and its limits in Islam.
A useful essay for Muslim economists. Juridical.
056:3 KNOUN, Sh. ‘Abdullah, ‘Private Property and its Limits in Islam’ in The Proceedings of the First Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, Al-Azhar, 1964, pp. 115- 26.
Islam grants an unlimited right to own property provided the legal dues of zakāt and ‘ushr etc. are paid out of it. The
76
Qur’ānic instructions in chapter 57, verse 7 do not state a general principle but are relevant to Fai’ only.
Useful for Muslim economists.
056:4 NABHĀNĪ, S. T. Dīn, ‘The Economic System of Islam’, Islamic Review, London (41:7, 8) July/August 1953, pp. 28-32, 7-13.
Deals mainly with the questions of ownership, zakāt and the role of the state. The nature and scope of ownership are discussed at length and in a scholarly manner.
Descriptive. For laymen.
056:5 ŞIDDİQİ, M. Mazharuddin, ‘Islam aur Ijtimāī Milkiyat’ (Islam and Collective Ownership). (U) Thaqāfat, Lahore (3:5), November 1956, pp. 46-51.
Islam does not support total nationalisation of all means of production. However, in case of need, the state can nationalise those means of production which are necessary.
Descriptive. For laymen.
056:6 ŞIDDİQİ, M. N., Islām kā Nazariyya-e-Milkiyat (Islam’s Theory of Ownership). (U) Lahore: Islamic Publi- cations, 1968, (2 Vols.), 304 and 299 pp.
A comprehensive and well researched study on the theory of ownership. Defines the relationship of man and society. Examines and rejects the case of socialism. Explains the rights and responsibilities of the individual owner vis-à-vis state and vice versa. Discusses the possibilities of restrictions on the right to own. Includes discussion on sources and expenditure of public revenue and the role of the state in economic development etc.
Fully documented. Invaluable for Muslim economists. 056:7 TĀSİN, M., ‘Qur’ān kā Tasawwur-e-Milkiyat’ (Con- cept of Ownership in the Qur’ān). (U) Mīthāq, Lahore (23:2-7), July 1976, pp. 138-64.
An elementary discussion on the theory of ownership and mode of acquisition of ownership.
Based on primary sources. Descriptive; for laymen.
77
0561 – Right of Private Property
0561:1 al-‘ARABĪ, M. A, ‘Private Property and its Limits in Islam’. The First Conference of the Academy of Islamic Re- search, Al-Azhar, 1964, pp. 103-14.
A brief and elementary description of the concept of private property in Islam.
Meant for laymen.
0561:2 SIDDİQİ, Na’īm, Shakhṣi Milkiyat Islam men (Personal Property in Islam). (U) Karachi: Chiragh-e-Rāh, 1969, 136 pp.
A comprehensive statement on theory of ownership in Islam. Examines the case for total nationalisation inferred from the Qur’an by a school of thought and rejects it. For laymen but rigorous.
ALSO SEE 058:1
0562 – Limits on Private Property
0562:1 ‘al-‘ARABĪ, M. A., ‘Private Ownership of Property’, Islamic Review, London (54:7-8), pp. 26-31.
The right to own property has been subjected to a number of positive and negative measures which make the institution of private property a servant of the society.
An elementary discussion. For laymen.
ALSO SEE 056:2, 056:3, 056:6, 057:18
0563-State Ownership
0563:1 ŞIDDİQİ, Na’īm, Islām aur Qaumi Milkiyat (Islam and Public Property). (U) Karachi: Chiragh-e-Rāh,(1950), 64 pp.
Examines the legitimacy of nationalisation in the Islamic framework. Argues that Islam is opposed to nationalisation of means of production although limited state intervention may be necessary at times.
A rigorous and comprehensive analysis. For laymen but also useful for economists.
ALSO SEE 056:5, 056:6
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057 – Basic Principles of Islamic Economic System (Including Economic Values)
057:1 AHMAD, Rafiq, ‘Daur-e-Jadid men Islāmī Nizām-e- Maishat ke Bunyādī Khadd-o-khāl–ēk Uṣūlī Baḥath’, (Basic features of Islamic economy in the modern age) (U) in Economic System of Islam, Karachi, National Bank of Pak- istan, 1980, pp. 55-68.
Emphasises the role of values in economics. Discusses economic values of Islam: Taqwa, ‘Adl, Iḥsān, Ta’āwun, Iqtiṣād, Musāwāt, Ukhuwwah. Mentions basic principles of Islamic economic system.
Presented at the Seminar on Economic System of Islam organised by National Bank of Pakistan, April, 1979.
Philosophical. Partly documented.
057:2 AHMAD, Ziauddīn, ‘Socio-economic Values of Islam and their Significance and Relevance to the Present-day World’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad (10:4) December 1971, pp. 343-55.
Islam inculcates a number of values among individuals for the performance of economic functions. The main instrument for the achievements of its objectives is the effective growth of these values. Basic economic teachings of Islam have been cited to elaborate the above point of view.
Citations from primary sources. Also uses secondary
sources.
057:3
‘Dr. Najjar’s Introduction to Economic Theories in Islam’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad (13:4), pp. 269-80.
A review article. Introduces Dr. Najjār’s book. Makes many valuable observations.
Useful for Muslim economists.
057:4 AKHTAR, ‘Amim, ‘The Structural Framework of the Economic System of Islam’ in Economic System of Islam, Karachi, National Bank of Pakistan, 1980, pp. 77-95.
An essay on the economic principles of Islam. Descriptive. For laymen. Undocumented.
057:5 al-‘ARABĪ, M. A., ‘Economics in the Social Structure of Islam’, Voice of Islam, Karachi (7:1), October 1958, pp.
79
5-15. Reprinted: World Muslim League (Singapore) 3(7), July/August 1966, pp. 10-25.
Islam’s point of view on (1) the institution of private property, (2) free enterprise, (3) law of supply and demand and (4) free competition.
An elementary but useful discussion. For laymen.
057:6 ‘ASKARĪ, Ḥ., ‘Islamic Definition of the Economics’ in Society and State, Lahore: Progressive Books, 1979, pp. 158-96.
A sociologist’s vision of Islamic economics. Surveys lead- ing issues in Islamic economics. Mentions milestones in the history of thought: discusses economic implications of infaq, prohibition of ribā, money’s role as store of value; brings to light the fundamental change in economic relations visualised by Islam; examines the role of war in the early Muslim eco- nomy and how it was integrated in the overall view of life.
Contains a number of original ideas; philosophical, scientific jargon. Based on primary as well as secondary
sources.
Fully documented. Meant for scholars, especially Muslim economists.
057:7 ḤAMĪDULLAH, M., ‘Islam’s Solution to the Basic Economic Problems – the Position of Labour’, Islamic Cul- ture, Deccan (10:2) April 1936, pp. 213-33.
The basic principles of the Islamic economic system are discussed. Also refers to business fluctuations as a result of interest and other un-Islamic practices.
Descriptive and elementary.
057:8 HUDĀ, N. M., ‘Islam and Economics’ in Some Economic Aspects of Islam, Karachi, Mo‘tamar ‘Alam-e- Islāmi, 1965, pp. 15-26.
A general statement on the basic principles of Islamic economics, stating a positive role for the state, institution of zakāt, prohibition of ribā. Zakāt may be used for development purposes. Supply of savings will remain unaffected in the absence of interest. A few hints on interestless banking on the basis of profit/loss sharing.
Although descriptive, useful for Muslim economists.
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057:9 KHAN, M. Akram, ‘Economic Values in Islam’, Criterion, Karachi (12:2) February 1977, pp. 14-24.
A simple but comprehensive statement of socio-economic values in Islam.
Fully documented. For Muslim economists.
057:10 KHĀN, M. Zafarullah, Islam – its Meaning for Modern Man. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1962, 215
pp.
Chapter 16 deals with the economic values of Islam. It is a summary of the economic teachings of Islam.
Concise. Useful for Muslim economists.
057:11 MAḤMŪD, S. A. Haleem, ‘The Economic Dimen- sion in Islam’ in The Muslim World and the Future Economic Order, London: Islamic Council of Europe, 1979, pp. 35-43.
Describes the fundamental principles of the Islamic eco- nomic system. Emphasises the role of zakāt, ṣadaqāt and prohibition of ribā.
Based on primary sources; presented at International Economic Conference, London in July, 1977.
Fully documented.
057:12 MAWDŪDĪ, Abul, A‘la, ‘Principles and Objectives of Islam’s Economic System’, Criterion, Karachi (4:2) March/ April 1969, pp. 44-58. (English trans. of a speech in Punjab University.)
Argues that Islam has a distinct economic system which is closely interwoven with other sub-systems. The objectives and principles of economic system of Islam have been neatly laid down. Develops a theory of factors of production in Islam.
Meant for Muslim economists; a basic treatise and highly useful. Undocumented.
057:13
‘Islāmī Nizām-e-Ma’ishat ke Uṣūl-o- Maqāṣid’ (Principles and Objectives of Islamic Economic Order). (U) Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1974 (1967) 32 pp. Reprinted in the Ma’ashiyāt-e-Islām, Lahore, Islamic Publications, 1969, pp. 141-62.
Discusses economic objectives of Islam; factors of pro-
81
duction in Islam, role of zakāt and ṣadaqat in the economy and feasibility of an interest-free economy.
Comprehensive discussion. For Muslim economists.
057:14
Insän kā Ma’ashi Mas’alah aur us kā Islāmī hall (Mans’ Economic Problem and its Solution). (U) Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1969, 42 pp.
(English trans: Economic Problem of Man and its Islamic Solution (1975).
Defines the economic problem of man; compares the solution of socialism, fascism and Islam. Stresses that Islamic solution is only a part of the total programme of reform which it presents.
Descriptive. For laymen but also useful for economists. 057:15 MUJĪB, A., ‘Ma‘īshat-e-Islām – Fikr wa Nizām’ (Islamic Economy – Thought and System). (U) Tarjumānul Qur’ān, Lahore (74), nos. 2, 3, 4, pp. 94-105, 165-73, 241-56.
Discusses basic principles of the Islamic economic system, role of state; relationship of state and the individual; suggests policy measures for implementation of the system; lays down some of the reforms required in a country like Pakistan.
Descriptive. For laymen.
057:16 MUSLEḤUDDİN, M., Economics and Islam. Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1974, 112 pp.
An elementary treatment of socio-economic philosophy of Islam.
A useful book for Muslim economists.
057:17 NADVĪ, M. A., Bārī, Tajdīd-e-Ma‘āshiyāt (Reconstruction of Economics). (U) Karachi: Nafees Academy, 1962, 518 pp.
An elementary study of individual human behaviour in respect of financial matters in a Muslim society. Inspired by Mawlānā Ashraf ‘Ali Thanvī’s religious thought, it discusses little of ‘economics’ and more of mysticism. Descriptive and loaded with theological jargon. But the subject matter has flashes of original ideas which may be developed by the economists.
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057:18 NAQVI, S. N. H., ‘An Islamic Approach to Eco- nomic Development’ in Islam and a New International Economic Order: The Social Dimension, Geneva: I.I.L.S., 1980, pp. 117-26.
Stresses the need for a new strategy in development; builds axiomatic framework based on Unity, Equilibrium, Freedom and Responsibility. The equilibrium or al-‘Adl re- quires social justice, or equitable distribution of income; Islam is concerned about quality of growth and thus emphasises a maximum level of employment through universal education. To attain this, private property may be de-limited, an elabor- ate social security system may be instituted and ribā may be abolished gradually. Such structural changes may be brought about as may make ribā redundant.
Presented at the symposium on ‘Islam and a new inter- national economic order: the social dimension’, Geneva, 1980. A philosophical note. Undocumented.
057:19 PERWEZ, G. A., Khudā aur Sarmāyadār (God and Capitalist). (U) Lahore: Idāra-i-Ṭulū‘-i-Islām, 1967.
Collection of G. A. Parwez’s papers on economic teach- ings of Islam. Restatement of his earlier work Nizām-e- Rubūbiyat (Karachi, 1954). Socialistic interpretation of Islam. Contains one paper by M. Taqi Amini and some observations by Syed Qutb. For laymen. Descriptive.
057:20
‘Qur’an kā Ma’ashī Nizām’ (Economic sys- tem of the Qur’ān). (U) Tulu-i-Islām (22:11) November 1969, pp.17-40.
Private property is not conceivable in an Islamic state, as the state is responsible for catering for everybody’s requirements of life. The provisions of the Shari’ah regarding private property pertain to the transitional period before the ideal stage is achieved.
Descriptive. For laymen. Represents a Marxist inter- pretation of Islam.
057:21
‘The Qur’anic Economics’, The Islamic Review, London (48:1), January 1960, pp. 26-30.
All sources of production should be controlled by the state, which in return, will ensure the basic necessities of life
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Chapter 7
800-Manpower; Labour; Population
821- Rights and Duties of Labour
821:1 BANISADAR, A., Work and the Worker in Islam. (Trans: Hasan Mashhadi.) Tehran: Ḥamdānī Foundation, 1980, 88 pp.
A collection of his six lectures to workers. Critically examines the state of the worker in Iran on the eve of the Islamic Revolution. Defines the rights of the worker in the Islamic framework.
Rhetorical. For laymen. Undocumented.
821:2 FARĪDĪ, F. R., ‘Miḥnat aur Sarmāya kī Kashmakash aur Islam’ (Conflict of labour and capital and Islam). (U). Zindagi, Rampur, (15:2) October 1955, pp. 9-35.
Analyses causes of labour-capital conflict. Proposes Islamic economic system as a solution. The problem of labour should be conceived in the overall systemic context.
Descriptive. For laymen.
821:3 al-FĀRŪQİ, Ismā‘īl R., ‘Islam and Labour’ in Islam and a New International Economic Order: A Social Dimen- sion, Geneva: I.I.L.S., 1980, pp. 79-102.
Work is workshop in Islam. Islam does not distinguish between mental and manual work in social gradation. Islam stands for equal pay for equal work; no work to go unrewarded. Wages of the worker are protected by the state. Workers’ rights are: labour according to capacity, decent standard of living, freedom to choose work. Suggests universal education, transfer of production surplus to the Ummah (forcibly or
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voluntarily) and overthrow of incompetent governments in the Muslim world.
Analyses problems of labour surplus and labour deficient Muslim economies. Criticises political and labour policies of Muslim states and pleads for a total integration of all these states. Makes an incisive analysis of the impact of worker migration (both trained and untrained) on traditional social structure. Concludes that the identity crisis and westernisation can be stopped by a massive effort of setting up separate schools and community centres by the Muslim communities in the West.
Presented at the Symposium on ‘Islam and a New Inter- national Economic Order: The Social Dimension’, Geneva, January 1980.
Based on Primary sources. Fully documented.
821:4 UTHMĀNĪ, M. R., ‘Kārkhānoņ kē Munāfa‘ meņ Mazdūr kī Shamūliyat’ (Labour participation in the profit of industrial enterprises). (U). Al-Balāgh, Karachi, February 1977, pp. 85-100.
Discusses the legitimacy of workers’ participation fund in Pakistan. A legal decree authenticated by a panel of ‘Ulamā’.
822 – Determination of Wages
822:1 NADVĪ, M. Mujībullāh, ‘Mazdūroṇ kī ujrat kā Masʼalah? (The question of wages of workers). (U). Zindagī, Rampur (17:1-4), September/December 1956, pp. 83-93, 22- 40, 9-24.
Discusses economic condition of workers in communist and capitalist countries. Analyses recent trends in labour reforms. Discusses principles of labour relations in Islamic economy. The analysis is elementary and is based on broad generalisations.
822:2 QURESHI, ‘Abdul Majid, ‘Wages in an Islamic Eco- nomy’, Islamic Thought, Aligarh (6:2) March/April 1959, pp. 24-8.
Labour and capital should be treated as two partners. The share of labour to be based on the capitalised value of labour over, say, 20 years and that of capital for a similar
188
period. Labour to also get a further share in the ‘profit’ in the form of bonus. The hypothesis is worth consideration by economists.
823 – Labour Management Relations
823:1 NADVĪ, M. Mujībullāh, ‘Islāmī Qānūn-e-Ujrat kā ēk bab’ (A chapter of Islam’s law of wages). (U). Ma‘ārif, Azamgarh, (77:6) June 1956, pp. 405-21; (78:1) July 1956, pp. 5-22; (78:3) September 1956, pp. 165-88.
A comprehensive treatment of industrial relations in Islam. Discusses the concept of wages and its determination in Islam. A detailed review of the concept of minimum wages and other facilities recognised by Islam for workers.
841 – Family Planning in Islam
841:1 AHMAD, Khurshid, ‘Tahrik-e-Dabt-e-Wilādat kā ‘ilmī Jā’izah’, (A Critical Evaluation of the Birth Control Movement), (U), in Islām aur dabṭ-e-Wiladat by Mawdūdi, Lahore, Islamic Publications, 1978, pp. 136-74.
A thorough and critical examination of the economic rationale of the Birth Control Movement. Also highlights some political and strategic consequences of the movement for the Muslim World and Pakistan.
Documented. For laymen and economists.
841:2 FATIMY, S. Q., ‘Khāndānī Manşūba-bandī kā Qur’āni Tasawwur’ (Qur’ānic point of view on Family Plan- ning) (U). Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad (6:6) December 1968, pp. 423-39.
Family planning is a recommended course of action in the Qur’an. There is nothing against it. Representative of the modernist approach.
Descriptive. Meant for common readers.
841:3 HAQUE, Zohurul, ‘Religion of Islam and Family Planning’, The Islamic Review and Arab Affairs, London (58:1) January 1970, pp. 6-11.
Follows the line of the modernists in favour of family planning; contains fatāwā of Arab ‘Ulamā’.
Fully documented.
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841:4 HOURANI, M. Haitham, ‘Population Problems of the Muslim World’ in Outlines of Islamic Economics, Indiana: A.M.S.S., 1977, pp. 53-6.
A short essay on the population problems of the Muslim world. They are: lack of proper education; gap in resource mobilisation between the capital-rich and labour-rich Muslim countries.
Presented at the First Symposium on the Economics of Islam in North America, 1977.
Descriptive. Undocumented.
841:5 MAWDŪDĪ, A. A., ‘Islam aur Dabt-e-Wiladat’ (Islam and Birth Control). (U). Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1978, 198 pp. See his Birth Control.
841:6 Birth Control. Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1974, 182 pp. (Trans: K. Aḥmad and M. I. Fărūqī.)
English translation of his Islām aur Dabṭ-e-Wiladat. Argues against birth control. Efforts of family planning ignore divine planning and are focussed on a materialistic attitude towards life. A thorough examination of the moral, political, economic, social, religious and historical aspects of the prob- lem.
Descriptive. Documented. For general readers but useful for economists and policy makers.
841:7 PARWEZ, G. A., ‘Dabṭ-e-Wiladat’ (Birth Control). (U). Ţulū‘-i-Islām, Lahore (14:7) July 1960, pp. 78-96.
Propounds Qur’ānic theory of sex; prescribes self-control as the sole method of birth-control. Considers family planning as a legitimate objective of the Shari’ah but does not accept the modern techniques of birth control as valid.
For laymen. Descriptive. Documented.
841:8 PHULWARWĪ, M. J. S. (ed.), Taḥdīd-e-Nasl (Birth Control). (U). Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1959, 75 pp.
A collection of five essays which argue in favour of birth control. Representative of non-orthodox approach in Islam. Useful for Muslim economists.
190
841:9 Islām aur Khāndānī Manṣūba-bandī (Islam and Family Planning). (U). Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1970, 128 pp.
A comprehensive compendium of juridical opinions, both classical and modern in favour of various forms of birth control. Argues in the light of the opinions of the jurists that birth control is permissible except when the Ummah resolves to prohibit it.
Representative of the modernist approach. Useful for Muslim economists.
841:10 RAFI ULLĀH, A. S., ‘Khāndānī Manṣuba-bandī aur Madhhab’ (Religion and Family Planning). (U). Fikr-o- Nazar, Islamabad (2:12), June 1965, pp. 737-54.
Argues on the basis of earlier jurists’ opinion that an organised effort to plan the size of the family is not against any tenet of Islam.
Fully documented. For laymen.
841:11
‘Khāndānī Manṣūba-bandī aur ‘Ulama’ kē Fatāwā’ (Legal verdicts of ‘Ulama on Family Planning). (U). Fikr-o-Nazar (4:7) January 1967, pp. 449-53.
Quotes Fatāwā of Shah Abdul Aziz, Rashid Aḥmad Gangōhi and Abul Kalām Āzād in favour of birth control. Fully documented. Juristic jargon. Useful for Muslim economists.
841:12
‘Khāndānī Manṣūbā-bandī Sharʻi nuqța-e- nazar se’ (Family Planning from the point of view of the Shari’ah). (U). Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad (3:6) June 1965, pp. 393-405.
Based on the exegeses of the earlier jurists, the writer has interpreted the Qur’anic verse (4:3) to recommend mono- gamy for curtailing the size of the family.
A thought-provoking article. Based on primary sources. Fully documented. For laymen but useful for economists. 841:13 RAḤMĂN, Faisal M., ‘Population Problems and Policy Alternatives in Muslim Countries’ in Outlines of Islamic Economics, Indiana: A.M.S.S., 1977, pp. 39-48.
Describes population problem of densely populated Muslim countries. Examines various methods of population
191
programme and considers them in conformity with the Shari’ah.
Presented in the First Symposium on the Economics of Islam in North America, 1977.
Partly documented.
841:14 RAḤMĀN, Fazlur, ‘Pakistān men Khāndānī Manṣūba-bandī aur Madhhab’ (Religion and Family Planning in Pakistan). (U). Mīthāq, Lahore (10:3-4) March/April 1964, pp. 60-6.
Family Planning is a pressing economic need. There is nothing against it in Islam. Earlier jurists supported it. We should also do an organised effort to control the population. Brief but representative of modernist point of view.
841:15 SALEEM, M., ‘Ethical Justification of Family Plan- ning’, Islamic Studies, Islamabad (8:3) September 1969, pp. 253-64.
Reviews the arguments for and against birth control. Concludes that a few children of good quality are ethically more desirable than many of poor quality.
For laymen. Descriptive.
841:16 SHALTŪT, Maḥmūd, ‘Islāmī Shari’at aur Tanzim- e-nasl’ (Family Planning and the Shari’ah). (U). Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad (1:1-2) July/August 1963, pp. 34-64.
Although procreation is one of the objectives of the Shari’ah, yet producing weak, invalid and morally bankrupt children with attendant hazards to mothers’ health cannot be accepted as legitimate. Birth control can be practised both on medical and economic grounds.
Descriptive but scholarly.
841:17 SCHIEFFELIN, Olivia (ed.), Muslim Attitudes to- wards Family Planning. New York: The Population Council, 1967 (1973), 146 pp.
A compendium of writings on Islam and birth control. The writings are carefully selected to emphasise Islam’s sympathy for birth control. Part One consists of 8 fatāwā; Part Two contains 12 statements by Muslim political leaders and the last part carries articles/abstracts of 21 authors in support of family planning.
192
A comprehensive exposition of the modernist approach on the subject.
841:18 YUSUF, Mufti, M., Dabt-e-Taulid Ki Shar’i Ḥaithiyat (Birth Control and its position in the Shari’ah. (U) Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1967, 153 pp.
Argues that the modern movement of birth control conflicts with the basic tenets of the Shari’ah. Examines the pros and cons of birth control and rejects it.
For laymen. Non-rigorous. Descriptive. Partly docu- mented.
193
Chapter 8
900 – Welfare Programmes; Consumer Economics
911 – General Welfare Programmes
911:1 GORAYA, M. Y., ‘Islām meṇ Muʻāsharatī Bahbūd’ (Social Welfare in Islam). (U). Fikr-o-Nazar, Islamabad (15:12) June 1978, pp. 35-49.
Discusses mechanism of Islam in creating social balance and eradicating poverty.
Fully substantiates the main thesis from primary sources. Descriptive but useful for professional economists.
911:2 —, ‘Nizām-e-Zakāt aur Jadīd Ma‘āshi Masā’il’ (The system of zakāt and Modern Economic Problems). (U). Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1972, 158 pp.
Suggests policy measures to combat unemployment, ignorance, illiteracy and disease with the help of zakāt. Most of the discussion centres around problems of an under- developed economy like Pakistan.
Religious jargon but well-documented. Useful for policy-makers.
911:3 HEGAZY, A. M., ‘The Promotion of an Equitable World Order – The Muslim Role and Contribution’ in The Muslim World and the Future Economic Order, London, Islamic Council of Europe, 1979, pp. 123-37.
Discusses Islam’s emphasis on eradication of poverty and equitable distribution of resources. Lays down an action plan for an equitable world order.
195
mists.
Descriptive but useful for lay Muslims as well as econo-
911:4 al-LABBAN, Ibrahim, ‘The Right of the Poor to the Wealth of the Rich’ in Proceedings of First Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, Al-Azhar, 1964, pp. 167-86.
Zakāt is the main instrument to fight poverty in Islamic society. In case it falls short of the requirement, more taxes may be levied. Mainly based on Ibn Hazm’s ideas expressed in al-Muḥallā.
For laymen.
911:5 al-QARDĀWĪ, Yūsuf, ‘Faqr-o-fāqah, aur us-kā Islāmī Ḥall’ (Islamic solution of Poverty). (U). (Trans: ‘Abdul Ḥamid Siddiqi.) Tarjumānul-Qur’ān, Lahore (73) pp. 172-81, 241-9, 286-301, 369-78; (74) pp. 36-41, 86-93, 155-65, 231-40, 299-312, 349-57; (75) pp. 31-42, 93-106; (76) pp. 25-34, 72-87. Reprinted under the title: Islām aur Ma’āshi Tahaffuz (Islam and Economic Security), Lahore: al-Badr Publications, 1978, 170 pp.
Comparative study of Islam and other ideologies to combat poverty in the society. Explains at length the policy measures of an Islamic state to obliterate poverty. The treat- ment of zakāt as an institution is most comprehensive.
Based on primary sources but undocumented. A scholarly treatise for Muslim economists.
912- Social Security Schemes
912:1 CHOWDHURY, M. ‘Ālam, ‘A Social Service Model in the I-Economy’ in Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference, A.M.S.S., Indiana (USA), 1978, pp. 31-42.
Points out inadequacies of Western schemes of social security. Constructs an accounting model of social service based on al-zakāt in the Islamic economy. Concludes that the social service through al-zakāt leads to greater incentives and labour participation.
Mathematical. Based on secondary sources. Documented. 912:2 ḤASANUZZAMĀN, S. M., ‘Social Security in Islam’ in Thoughts on Islamic Economics, Dhaka: Islamic Economics Research Bureau, 1980, pp. 102-11.
196
Briefly introduces the law of zakāt. Contends that Islam brings social security through zakāt. A large part of the paper is devoted to prove that zakāt is obligatory; critically examines some of the orientalistic thoughts.
Presented at the Seminar on Islamic Economics, Dhaka, July 1979.
ted.
Descriptive. Based on primary sources. Fully documen-
912:3 HUSSAIN, Mirza Mohammad, ‘Zakat – A Scheme of Social Insurance’ in Islam and Socialism, Lahore: Sh. M. Ashraf, 1947, pp. 119-77.
A comprehensive essay on law and philosophy of zakāt. A comparison with the social security system of communism.
921 – Consumer Behaviour in an Islamic Framework
921:1 KAHF, Monzer, ‘Contribution to the Theory of Con- sumer Behaviour in the Islamic Society’ in Studies in Islamic Economics, Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1980, pp. 18-37.
Discusses theory of consumer behaviour under capitalism and Marxism. Describes goals of consumer behaviour in the Islamic framework. Consumer behaviour in Islam is maximi- sation of Falāḥ. A Muslim consumer allocates his income between saving and final spending (and not consumption). Builds a macro-economic model of consumer behaviour in the Islamic framework. Zakāt and prohibition of ribā play a central role. Formalises income allocation and investment decisions of a Muslim.
Presented at First International Conference of Islamic Economics, Makka, 1976.
Uses diagrams to illustrate his thesis. An original contri- bution with complete documentation.
921:2 UTHMĀNĪ, M. M. Fahīm, Islāmī Ma‘īshat ke chand Numāyān Pahlū (Some important aspects of Islamic Economy). (U). Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1975, 255 pp.
Comprehensive discussion on isrāf and delimitation of private property. Role of state in the procurement of basic necessities. Extent of state intervention to control inflation;
197
role of state in industrial relations. Proposals for just land management.
Addresses laymen but carries some hints for economists
as well.
921:3 ZARQA, M. A., ‘Islamic Economics: An approach to Human Welfare’ in Studies in Islamic Economics, Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1980, pp. 3-19.
The first part discusses relationship of value judgements and economics and concludes that Islamic economics can exist. The second part compares assumptions of Islamic and neoclassical economics. The third part investigates the rela- tionship of consumption and reward in the Hereafter. Uses a diagram to show the hierarchy of rewards.
Presented at First International Conference on Islamic Economics, Makka, 1976.
An excellent paper. Fully documented.
198
SUPPLEMENT
011
MANNĀN, M. A., Why is Islamic Economics Important? Seven Reasons for Believing. Jeddah: ICRIE, 1982, 27 pp.
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012
MANNĀN, M. A., Scarcity, Choice and Opportunity Cost: Its Dimensions in Islamic Economics. London: The Muslim Institute for Research and Planning, 1980, 23 pp. (Occasional Paper 16).
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0141
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022
METAWALLY, M. M., A Behavioural Model of an Islamic Firm. Jeddah: International Centre for Research in Islamic Economics (Eng. Series No. 5) n.d.
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043
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047
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0549
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